<p>The First Congregational Church of Plainfield is a historic Congregational church at 519 Norwich Road in Plainfield, Connecticut. It was built in 1816, for a congregation founded in 1705, to plans by noted early architect Ithiel Town, and is a relative rarity in the state as a Federal period stone church. The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. The congregation is affiliated with the United Church of Christ.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and history</h2><br>
<p>Plainfields First Congregational Church is located on the north side of the towns main village, on the west side of Norwich Road (Connecticut Route 12) south of Cemetery Road. It is a -story stone structure, built out of locally quarried fieldstone. It has a projecting gable-front Doric temple front supported by four columns, and a multistage tower with steeple. The first stage of the tower is stone, and houses a clock with faces on three sides. The second stage is a wood-frame belfry, with louvered round-arch openings.</p><br>
<p>The church was built in 1816, after a gale destroyed the previous colonial meeting house. It is a significant early work of Ithiel Town, a native of nearby Thompson who became a leading architect of the early 19th century. Its interior was subjected to significant alterations in the 1850s, and no longer reflect Town&#39;s design. In addition to its religious role, this building also hosted town meetings and other civic functions during the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The Unitarian Meetinghouse is a historic church at the junction of Connecticut Routes 169 and 6 in the village center of Brooklyn, Connecticut. Built in 1771, it is one of a small number of pre-Revolutionary church buildings in the state, and distinctive for having a sufficiently complete documentary record to support a complete restoration. It retains a configuration distinctive of that period, with its main entrance on the long side of the building, and the pulpit opposite. The bell tower with steeple is located at one of the short ends, suggestive of the 19th century change to place the entrance there as well. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>When Brooklyn was settled in the early 18th century, its territory was divided between Pomfret and Canterbury. Its religious congregation was organized in 1731, and was originally called the Mortlake Society. Its first meeting house, built in 1734, was known as the Second Church in Pomfret. The present church was built in 1771-74; the town of Brooklyn was incorporated in 1786. Its construction, first proposed in 1763, was opposed for many years by local Anglicans, resulting in the construction of Trinity Church. In the early 19th century, the congregation was split between Trinitarians and Unitarians, with the latter ultimately retaining control of this building. The building was restyled in 1845, relocating the entrance to a new tower on the side, building a full second floor at the gallery level, and replacing the box pews and pulpit. All of the interior changes were reversed in the late 20th century, restoring it to its original form. The tower, whose steeple was replaced after the New England Hurricane of 1938, was retained.</p><br>
<p>The building is owned and maintained by the Unitarian Universalist Society in Brooklyn, CT. The UUSB are the direct successors of the first Unitarian congregation in Connecticut. Its first Unitarian minister, Rev. Samuel May, was a noted peace activist, education reformer, temperance crusader, supporter of women&#39;s rights, and one of the principal supporters of Prudence Crandall, the official female hero of the state of Connecticut. In 1871 the UUSB ordained the Rev. Celia Burleigh, the first female Unitarian minister and one of the first regularly ordained female ministers in any denomination.</p><br>
<p>The Major Jacob Hasbrouck Jr. House is located on Huguenot Street in the Town of New Paltz, New York, United States. It was built in 1786 by Hasbrouck, grandson of Jean Hasbrouck, one of the original Huguenot settlers of the New Paltz area in the late 17th century, after he had moved out of the family home, two miles  to the south in what is today the Huguenot Street Historic District. A descendant of his lives in the house today, and it is believed to be the only 18th-century stone house in the New Paltz area continuously owned by the family that first built it.</p><br>
<p>Hasbrouck&#39;s house shows sophistication and refinement befitting a large landholder who served as town supervisor and later in the American Revolutionary War. It is the culmination of the Dutch/Belgian-style stone houses that had been built all over Ulster County during the preceding century. His descendants found the house somewhat confining and, over several different generations, modified it in ways that reflected the changing tastes of the 19th and 20th centuries. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Property</h2><br>
<p>The house is located on a 5 acre lot on the west side of the street. There are several outbuildings from the former farm, no longer in use for their original purpose.</p><br>
<p>Its original section is the front block, a one-and-a-half-story with 20 in thick load-bearing stone walls. A porch covers the front entrance between two of the three pairs of windows; the upper story has two large, wooden gabled dormers added later, between the three small shed dormers remaining from the original house. In the rear is another later addition, a section called the "outlet", after the Dutch "uitlayt", a one-story stone enclosure 12 ft wide across the entire rear section, with its own basement.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the main block follows the standard 18th-century center-hall plan, with the kitchen on one side and the parlor on the other. The outlet is partitioned into five rooms, three connecting to the kitchen side of the house and two to the parlor.</p><br>
<p>In the rear of the lot are three farm buildings: a granary that has since itself been converted into a house, a greatly deteriorated chicken coop, and a modern barn used for storing firewood. There is also a baseball field used for local Little League games on the southwest corner. None of those are considered contributing resources. An old well house behind the kitchen side is, as is the stone wall on the front and north side of the property.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>The Hasbroucks in the 18th century</h3><br>
<p>The land on which the house stands was originally part of Jean Hasbroucks vast holdings in the area that is today the town and village of New Paltz and the surrounding lower Wallkill Valley. He died in 1714, thirteen years before the birth of Jacob Hasbroucks youngest son, Jacob Jr., in 1727.</p><br>
<p>Jacob lived in the family homestead with his father, as his older brothers moved out to the land their father had already planned to divide between them in his will. Jacob Jr. was originally to receive only cash and bonds, on the assumption he would inherit the family house, but shortly after the will was drawn up in 1747 Benjamin Hasbrouck, the oldest son, died in a fall from a horse. The document was quickly revised to give the younger Jacob title to the lands between the Wallkill and the mountains known today as the Shawangunk Ridge, considered the best in the Hasbrouck tract. Jacob the elder died in 1761 and the lands and house became his son&#39;s.</p><br>
<p>The year afterward he served the first of two stretches as town supervisor. He continued to work with the other descendants of New Paltz&#39;s original Duzine ("Dozen") on the further subdivision and development of the original lands. In the early 1770s he returned as supervisor again, stepping down in 1776 when the war began as he had already been commissioned as a captain of the Second New Paltz Company of the Third Regiment of the Ulster County Militia. Three years later, he was promoted to major, and would forever after be known by that title in family histories to distinguish him from his father and his son, Jacob J. Hasbrouck.</p><br>
<p>According to Hasbrouck family tradition, Major Hasbrouck built the house in 1786 for Jacob J., the younger of his two sons, to live in after he died, while his brother Josiah lived in the old house. The Major moved in to spend his later years there, no longer extensively involved in either farming the property or land deals, although an assessment done for the 1798 federal Direct Tax, when he still owned both houses, rated him the wealthiest man in New Paltz. He died in 1806, and passed the house to Jacob J. and his growing family.</p><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>The younger man needed more space, and built the rear extension known as the "outlet", from the Dutch uitlayt, a common term for that kind of extension in Dutch architecture. It was 12 feet (4 m) wide, running the entire width of the house and continuing the slope of the roof. Jacob left his initials in the plaster of the north wall interior. A neoclassical-styled archway was the main portal between the outlet and the main house. These renovations were complete by 1810.</p><br>
<p>In 1825, Jacob J. Hasbrouck moved out to a brick farmhouse two miles (3.2 km) along the Wallkill to retire; his son, Maurice, took over the main stone house and devoted himself primarily to the farm, as most of the family&#39;s land had been subdivided and sold. He undertook no major renovations other than whatever routine maintenance the house needed, and moved out in 1870 when his own son, Abram, married and needed the space as his grandfather had before him. The house, by this time, was almost a century old and badly needed to be restored. The original Hasbrouck land parcels had long been divided up, leaving only 400 acre, and the family had moved on to other sources of income. By the mid-19th century, tax assessments suggest that the stone houses that had symbolized their earlier wealth were losing their appeal as younger homeowners embraced newer styles.</p><br>
<p>Abram&#39;s most visible changes, begun in 1876, were the two front window gables, adding a Picturesque aspect to the house, and an update to the front entranceway and the accompanying hall, although it is uncertain from the house today exactly what changes were made. The porch roof may have been changed to its flat hipped style, more consistent with tastes of the time.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>Upon his death in 1910, the house passed to his daughter, Laura, and the woman he married after her mother had died. After her stepmother died in 1924, Laura began to spend more of her time at a house in the nearby village, reflecting the completion of the early aspirations of the Hasbroucks and other Duzine members. She sold half of the remaining land for houses after Route 32 was built through the property in the late 1920s.</p><br>
<p>Eight years later, in 1932, she married and moved to Ossining, leaving the house to caretakers and returning to it only on weekends. Aware of the historic significance of the house, she became active in early local preservation efforts, and encouraged her caretaker, a Danish stonemason, to do some restoration work. He redid the walls (particularly the joints, removing any trace of earlier efforts) and the chimneys and fireplaces. Laura also had him build a new staircase inside, and remove the plaster ceilings to restore a more authentic original appearance to the house.</p><br>
<p>In 1944, she sold the rest of the property save the two acres (8,000 m) around the house. The north end was remodeled into a caretakers residence, although it had to be rebuilt to its original appearance after a fire destroyed it. Laura Hasbrouck died childless in 1964 and willed it to Richard Relyea Hasbrouck, a descendant of Maurice Hasbroucks brother Huram, specifically to keep it in the family, since he had two sons already.</p><br>
<p>The newest Hasbrouck, like earlier residents, renovated the house to suit the needs of his family and his time. An interior frame wall was added to conserve heat in the old house, and a new kitchen was built. Thirty years after moving in, in 1994 one of the partitions in the outlet was removed to create a larger bedroom. He bought the 3 acre with the old farm buildings on it, bringing the property to its current size.</p><br>
<h2>Aesthetics</h2><br>
<p>According to architectural historian Neil Larson, the house represents the culmination of Ulster Countys traditional stone houses. Originally built on a European model for urban areas, they had been small rectangles similar to the Jean Hasbrouck House and the other older Huguenot Street homes, sometimes with their sides facing the street as in that neighborhoods Bevier House. As the children of the Duzine moved out into the surrounding lands, the houses evolved into farmhouses with a three-room plan, since builders could take advantage of larger lots. Using this form may have been a conscious choice on Major Hasbroucks part to preserve his ancestral culture, since some of his contemporaries later built themselves homes in more English-influenced styles like Josiah Hasbroucks Locust Lawn.</p><br>
<p>The builder of Major Hasbrouck&#39;s house formalized this, providing a facade with continuous horizontal lines uniting all the family spaces. There are none of the vertical interruptions seen on other stone houses. The stones chosen were carefully dressed, although not to the point of making an ashlar pattern. The kitchen wing to the north was placed asymmetrically, to highlight its difference in function.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the house was more in accord with traditional stone house, at least in its early years, in having little decoration save the doors and trim, since the Major despite his wealth and fame would have wanted to appear humble and pious. His sons efforts to change this by adding a decorated archway, plastering over the ceilings and using charcoal to marbleize some of the walls suggest he was uncomfortable with the already dated style of the house as well as its physical limitations to his family. A similar impulse may have been behind Maurice Hasbroucks additions of distinctly contemporary features to the house later in the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Nuits, also known as the Cottenet–Brown House, is an Italian villa-style house located in the Ardsley-on-Hudson section of the village of Irvington, New York, United States. It is a stone Italian villa-style house built in the mid-19th century. In 1977 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>It is the only surviving example of the early residential architecture of Detlef Lienau. Built for Francis Cottenet, a wealthy New York merchant, it was later owned and renovated by Cyrus West Field, John Jacob Astor III and Manhattan College. It remains a private residence.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Francis Cottenet, the first resident and owner of the property, came to the USA from France in 1822 and started an import-export business, Cottenet & Co., in New York. After 30 years, he contracted Detlef Lienau, one of a number of European-born architects working in America, to design a riverside villa for him. It was originally located on 65 acre, the sole house between the Albany Post Road (now US 9) and the river in what has since become the Ardsley-on-Hudson section of Irvington.</p><br>
<p>Lienau insisted on French Caen limestone to be true to the appearance of its Continental models. Cottenet called on him again to remodel and expand the house in the late 1850s, just a few years after moving in. The locally based Lord and Burnham Company built the conservatory. The resulting structure was often pointed out to passengers on steamships going up the Hudson, with the implication that it was the ideally tasteful home of a man of wealth.</p><br>
<p>After Cottenets death in 1884, it passed to another wealthy local, Cyrus West Field, who had to sell a year later due to some unexpected financial setbacks. During his brief ownership, he placed in the deed restrictions on the propertys future use, banning it from being used for certain purposes, such as industry, education, or sale to "disreputable" individuals. These remain in place, and ensure that it has been used only as a residence ever since.</p><br>
<p>His buyer was John Jacob Astor III, who lived out the few years remaining in his life on the property. During that time, he managed to spend $100,000 on improvements, and built the stone gateway that still stands at Route 9 (now known as Broadway). His heirs sold the house to Manhattan College, which spent the next few years trying to clear Field&#39;s restrictions from the deed and convert the home to institutional use. Failing, the college sold to Amzi Lorenzo Barber, the "Asphalt King", a pioneer in paving as well as other businesses that would become prominent in the coming century. He sold off most of the surrounding acreage, clearing the way for the development of Ardsley-on-Hudson.</p><br>
<p>Since then, Nuits has been the home of Robert Hewitt, Jr., engineer John Wiley, Gillies Coffee Company owner James Henry Schmelzel, and investment banker Martin W. Dolan. A restoration which took almost 20 years was completed in 2000, and it was extensively renovated from 2000 to 2015.</p><br>
<p>As of June 2009 the property &ndash; which was bought in 2000 for $4.3 million but by December 2017, the asking price had dropped to $11.5 million. In March 2021, it was again on the market for $6.5 million, and sold for 5.8 million in mid 2023.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>Nuits is built in a sophisticated interlocking arrangement of cubes built of smooth-faced Caen stone, stones laid so tight that even over a century after it was originally laid it is impossible to put a penknife between them. The roofs are low-pitched with overhanging bracketed eaves.</p><br>
<p>The arched main entrance is located in the middle of the south elevation, a three-bay facade with central tower and balustraded balcony with hooded window above. It has been compared to the entrance John Notman designed for Princeton University&#39;s Nassau Hall after that structure was damaged by an 1855 fire. Verandas run the length of the south side.</p><br>
<p>On the east the most notable feature is an octagonal, conical-roofed conservatory that was added a few years later, and likewise the north elevation has had a billiards room, now used as a family room, added to it. The west, which overlooks the nearby Hudson River, is unchanged.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the entrance leads to a central hall that runs the length of the house. To its east is a library with French doors; opposite is the main living room.</p><br>
<p>According to the NRHP listing, there is only one outbuilding, a caretakers cottage that was added later, which is considered a contributing resource to the propertys historic character. However, a rest estate listing in 2021 included in the property a 1,200 ft&sup2; carriage house with three bedrooms.</p><br>
<p>According to the real estate listing when the house was put on the market in March 2021, the mansion has 14,296 ft&sup2; of space, and features ten bedrooms &ndash; seven of which are master bedroom suites &ndash; nine full- and two half-baths, and 12 fireplaces. Some ceilings were 14 foot high. The house was listed as being situated on 5 acre of property.</p><br>
<p>The Rosalia Railroad Bridge was built by the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad  in 1915 to replace an earlier timber trestle. The bridge was designed as a concrete arch, unusual for a railroad bridge, because it crosses the Northern Pacific Railroad tracks , a state highway, and is visible from Steptoe Battlefield State Park. The railroad wanted an impressive-looking bridge. The viaduct consists of two spans, separated by an embankment. East of the 334 ft embankment there is a 114 ft span crossing over the Northern Pacific tracks. To the west is a 502 ft span that crosses Pine Creek, railroad tracks, and the highway.</p><br>
<p>When the Milwaukee Road went bankrupt in the 1980s. the bridge and right-of-way were acquired by the State of Washington.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was listed in the National Register of Historic Places due to its design.</p><br>
<p>The New Amsterdam Historic District is a historic district located in Detroit, Michigan. Buildings in this district are on or near three sequential east-west streets  on the two blocks between Woodward Avenue and Second Avenue. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>District definition</h2><br>
<p>The New Amsterdam Historic District was recognized by both the National Register of Historic Places and the City of Detroit as a historic district in 2001. Specific buildings in the general area are included in the designation; these buildings are located at 435 and 450 Amsterdam Street, 41-47, and 440 Burroughs Street, 5911-5919 and 6050-6160 Cass Avenue, 6100-6200 Second Avenue, and 425 York Street. In addition, the city designation includes 6001 Cass Avenue.</p><br>
<h2>General history</h2><br>
<p>Major railroad infrastructure, known as the Milwaukee Junction, was built in the 1890s to facilitate industrial expansion in the city of Detroit. To take advantage of the rail line, industrial plants were built in this area on both sides of Woodward Avenue, with the automotive industry prominently involved. Part of this area east of Woodward is now the Piquette Avenue Industrial Historic District, while the area west of Woodward and south of the railroad tracks is the New Amsterdam Historic District. Some commercial buildings were also built in this area, particularly along Cass.</p><br>
<p>Although not part of the New Amsterdam Historic District, part of the early industrial character of the area was formed by the enormous Albert Kahn-designed Burroughs Adding Machine factory at Second and Burroughs, which is now the Henry Ford Health Systems administrative offices.</p><br>
<h2>Structures</h2><br>
<p>The district features several historically significant buildings. Some of these are:</p><br>
<h3>Unknown (435 Amsterdam Street)</h3><br>
<p>This building was incorporated into the University Prep School&#39;s Mark Murray Campus.</p><br>
<h3>Cadillac Assembly Plant (450 Amsterdam Street)</h3><br>
<p>The Cadillac Assembly Plant was designed by George D. Mason in 1905 for the Cadillac Motor Car Company. after a fire damaged the original buildings on the site.</p><br>
<p>Cadillac moved their production to the Clark Street plant in Southwest Detroit in 1920, after which Wescott Paper and other tenants leased the building.</p><br>
<p>Like theAlbert-Kahn-designed Packard Motor Company Building #10, the use of reinforced concrete in this building is considered to be a pioneer application in industrial buildings.</p><br>
<h3>Graphic Arts Building (41-47 Burroughs Street)</h3><br>
<p>The Graphic Arts Building was designed and built in 1926 by Murphy and Burns. It features a striking terra cotta exterior. The original tenants were graphic art professionals, including a commercial engraver, a photographer, and art studios.</p><br>
<p>Jonna Construction has purchased this property and has redeveloped the building into lofts. The redevelopment, known as the "Lofts at New Amsterdam Phase I," consists of 39 units; as of 2007, the building was 48% occupied. The second phase of the development is in the Caille Brothers building at 6200 Second.</p><br>
<h3>G. A. Richards Oakland Company Service Department for Oaklands and Pontiacs (440 Burroughs Street)</h3><br>
<p>This Pontiac service dealership was designed in 1927 by Albert Kahn. The owner, George A. Richards, also owned WJR and the Detroit Lions.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in the late 1920s, the Jerry McCarthy Chevrolet Company operated a dealership and service center out of this building. Concurrently, the Chevrolet Chart and Display Department (which would later become Chevrolet Creative Services and occupy the entire building until 1996) ran its operation out of a small corner of the structure at 440 Burroughs Street.</p><br>
<p>The building is currently TechOne, the first phase of the Techtown research incubator. As of late 2007, the building had 34 tenants.</p><br>
<h3>Carney-Labadie Building (5911-5919 Cass Avenue)</h3><br>
<p>C. F. Carney and Joseph Labadie formed the Carney-Labadie Company in 1910 to distribute Exide batteries and Firestone tires. The company purchased the McGraw estate on Cass in 1922 to build a headquarters.</p><br>
<p>The building is now the John King Big Bookstore, though it has closed as of 2017.</p><br>
<h3>Cadillac Sales & Service (6001 Cass)</h3><br>
<p>The six-story Cadillac Sales and Service Building was designed by Albert Kahn and built in 1927; it originally contained offices and a showroom. In the 1970s, it was converted into classrooms for Wayne State University&#39;s Criminal Justice program. The building has now been restored and converted into a WeWork, which offers beautiful spaces for collaboration, community, and events.</p><br>
<h3>Stewart-Warner Speedometer Corporation Building (6050 Cass Avenue)</h3><br>
<p>The Stewart- Warner Speedometer Corporation Building was built in 1925 as the Detroit home of the Stewart-Warner Speedometer Corporation. It was later used as a wheel and brake service center, and the Burroughs Corporation credit union. Wayne State University has used this building to house their parking and mail departments.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, Wayne State began refurbishing the building for use by the Department of Public Safety. The building opened in June 2008.</p><br>
<h3>American Beauty Irons (American Electrical Heater Building) (6110 Cass)</h3><br>
<p>The American Beauty Iron Building was designed by Albert Kahn. A portion of the building was demolished in 1932 when Woodward was widened, and an addition was constructed in 1934.</p><br>
<p>The building was demolished in August 2012 in order to construct the third phase of TechTown, a nearby biomedical research center.</p><br>
<h3>Walter J. Bemb Buick-Pontiac Dealership (6160 Cass Avenue)</h3><br>
<p>The Walter J. Bemb Buick-Pontiac Dealership was designed in 1927 by Albert Kahn. He worked for both Ford Motor Company and Hudson Motor Company until striking out on his own in 1912 with the Bemb-Robinson Company, selling Hudson and later Essex automobiles. He later became associated with General Motors.</p><br>
<p>In 1972, Dalgleish Cadillac, a dealership which has been in business since 1922, purchased the building.</p><br>
<h3>Engine Co. 17/Ladder Co. 7 (6100 Second Avenue)</h3><br>
<p>The Engine 17 and Ladder 7 companies were originally organized on June 17, 1893, at the corner of Cass and Amsterdam. In 1921, the original firehouse was sold, and in late 1922 the companies moved into a new firehouse at the corner of Second and Burroughs. The fire station has been in continuous service since.</p><br>
<h3>Detroit Edison Amsterdam Substation (6126 Second Avenue)</h3><br>
<p>The Amsterdam Substation was built in 1929 for Detroit Edison, and is still in use today.</p><br>
<h3>Detroit Edison Substation (6134 Second Avenue)</h3><br>
<p>The Detroit Edison Substation at 6134 Second Avenue was built c. 1910 by the Detroit Edison Company. The building eventually fell into disuse, and in 2001, the Detroit Public Schools bought the building and paid three million dollars to renovate it. After renovation, the schools moved the Detroit Children&#39;s Museum from its Midtown location to the site.</p><br>
<h3>Caille Brothers Building (6200 Second Avenue)</h3><br>
<p>The Caille Brothers Building was built in several stages between 1900 and 1930.</p><br>
<p>The Caille Brothers Company began manufacturing in Detroit in 1895, when A. Arthur Caille, inventor of the penny slot machine, Caille ran the company along with his brother Adolf. Later they expanded their product line to include other items such as marine motors, scales, and the conveyor belts used in grocery stores.</p><br>
<p>The building was later known as the Century Floral Building</p><br>
<p>Jonna Construction purchased this property and redeveloped the building into lofts. Phase I of the development, now completed, was in the Graphic Arts Building at 41-47 Burroughs. The property plan, known as the Lofts at New Amsterdam, Phase II, called for 62 loft units in the building, and was completed in 2010, and is located across the street from the new Pistons Performance Center, in New Center.</p><br>
<h3>425 York Street</h3><br>
<p>This building on the corner of Cass Avenue and York Street has been demolished by Wayne State University. A surface parking lot has replaced it.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>New Center is within the Detroit Public Schools district.</p><br>
<p>Thirkell Elementary School, Golightly K-8 and Hutchins Middle School, and Northwestern High School serve New Amsterdam.</p><br>
<p>The Piquette Avenue Industrial Historic District is a historic district located along Piquette Street in Detroit, Michigan, from Woodward Avenue on the west to Hastings Street on the east. The district extends approximately one block south of Piquette to Harper, and one block north to the Grand Trunk Western Railroad Line. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>The area along Piquette was an important center for automobile production in the early 20th century. Ford Motor Company, Studebaker, Cadillac, Dodge, and Regal Motor Car had plants in the area, as well as suppliers such as Fisher Body. In 1910, the two largest automobile producers in the world, Studebaker and Ford, were located next door to each other on Piquette. Although the area is largely empty and derelict now, as recently as the 1950s there were 50,000 workers employed in plants in the district.</p><br>
<h2>General history</h2><br>
<p>Major railroad infrastructure, known as the Milwaukee Junction, was built in the 1890s to facilitate industrial expansion in the city of Detroit. The heart of Milwaukee Junction was Piquette Avenue, although industrial plants were built in this area on both sides of Woodward Avenue, with the automotive industry prominently involved. The area west of Woodward and south of the railroad tracks is the New Amsterdam Historic District, while a portion of the area east of Woodward is now the Piquette Avenue Industrial Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<h3>Autocar Service Building (234 Piquette)</h3><br>
<p>The Autocar Service Building is located on the southwest corner of Piquette and Brush.</p><br>
<p>In April 2024, Detroit Public Media announced that it had purchased the building to redevelop as its new headquarters. The building was previously owned by and used as a storage facility by the city&#39;s parks and recreation department, although there were plans to repurpose it for the Architectural Salvage Warehouse of Detroit.</p><br>
<h3>E-M-F/Studebaker Plant (201 - 285 Piquette)</h3><br>
<p>The Studebaker Plant was located on the north side of Piquette, between Brush and John R. The building first housed Wayne Automotive in 1906. The owners of E-M-F formed a manufacturing and distribution partnership with Studebaker, and eventually Studebaker took control of E-M-F (and the plant) in 1910. After Studebaker left the plant, Chrysler used it until the mid-1960s as a parts facility.</p><br>
<p>The building was used in part for warehousing after that, as well as home the Piquette Market, a meat wholesaler. The building was documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in 2003. In June 2005, the plant was completely destroyed in a fire.</p><br>
<p>When Studebaker began production of the two models of the Rockne, the larger "75" was produced in South Bend, beginning December 15, 1931; and the smaller "65" went into production at the old E-M-F plant on Piquette Avenue in Detroit, February 22, 1932. This Piquette Avenue plant was the same plant at which the 1927 and 1928 Erskine models had been built. Rocknes were also produced at Studebakers Walkerville, Ontario plant.</p><br>
<p>The 1933 Rockne line was reduced to one line, the "10". The Rockne "10" was an update of the "65". When Studebaker went into receivership on March 18, 1933, it was decided to move production of the Rockne to the Studebaker plant in South Bend. The Rockne "10" was built in South Bend from April through July, 1933.</p><br>
<h3>Ford Piquette Avenue Plant (461 Piquette)</h3><br>
<p>The Ford Piquette Avenue Plant is located at 461 Piquette, on the northwest corner of Piquette and Beaubien. It is a three-story mill-style building designed by Field, Hinchman, and Smith for Ford in 1904. The first Model Ts were built in this building. The building was designated a National Historic Landmark on February 17, 2006.</p><br>
<h3>Fisher Body Plant 23 and 23B (601 Piquette)</h3><br>
<p>The Fisher Body Plant 23 is located on the northeast corner of Piquette and Beaubien and includes a single-story building (#23B) and a six-story building (#23). The six-story structure was designed by Albert Kahn, Architects and Engineers and constructed by H. G. Christman Co.</p><br>
<h3>Fisher Body Plant 21 (700 Piquette)</h3><br>
<p>The Fisher Body Plant 21 is located on the southeast corner of Piquette and St. Antoine. It was designed in 1921 by Smith, Hinchman & Grylls for Fisher Body, who manufactured Buick and Cadillac bodies in the plant until 1925. The plant is six stories tall, with a footprint of 200 ft by 581 ft and an interior area of 536,000 ft2. The plant was used as an engineering design facility from 1930–1956; during World War II, the factory produced Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star Planes, Vought F4U Corsair Shipboard Fighters, and some assemblies for B-25 Mitchell bombers. In 1999, as a result of unpaid property taxes, the building became the property of the City of Detroit and was re-addressed as 6051 Hastings Street. The building was documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in 2003. In 2022, the City of Detroit mayor Mike Duggan announced plans to revive the building as Fisher 21 Lofts. Developed by Jackson Asset Management, Lewand Development, and Hosey Development, the McIntosh Poris Architects-designed project will have 433 rental apartments (at least 20% of which will be affordable housing for people earning less than 80% of the area median income) and 38,000 square feet of commercial space.</p><br>
<p>The Antlers Guard Station is a rustic cabin located in the Wallowa–Whitman National Forest in northeastern Oregon, United States. It was originally built to house fire crews assigned to patrol the surrounding National Forest. Since the 1990s, the United States Forest Service rents Antlers Guard Station and other forest cabins and lookout stations to recreational visitors. The Antlers Guard Station is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the 1920s and 1930s, Forest Service employees often traveled many miles from local ranger stations to forest work sites. Since the forest road networks were not well developed, getting to a job site meant a long trek, carrying all the equipment needed to perform the field work. This made it impractical for employees to make daily round trips. To facilitate work at remote sites, the Forest Service built guard stations at strategic locations throughout the forest to house fire patrols and project crews.</p><br>
<p>After World War II, the Forest Service greatly expanded its road network, allowing employees to get to most National Forest areas within a few hours. As a result, guard stations lost their utility. The Forest Service found new uses for some stations, but most were demolished or abandoned.</p><br>
<p>In the 1990s, historic preservation groups, with the support of Forest Service employees, began pressing National Forest managers to preserve the remaining structures. To finance the preservation effort, the Forest Service started renting its guard stations to the public. It later began renting out many unused fire lookout towers as well.</p><br>
<p>The Antlers Guard Station was built by the Civilian Conservation Corps in 1935. It was originally used as a home station for fire crews patrolling the surrounding forest. The Wallowa–Whitman National Forest started renting cabins including Antlers Guard Station to the public in the early 1990s. Because of its rustic architecture and the cabin&#39;s unique historic value as an early Forest Service guard station, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The Antlers Guard Station is located at an elevation of 4,107 ft on the west bank of the North Fork of the Burnt River approximately two miles from the abandoned Whitney, Oregon town site. The forest area around the cabin is dominated by ponderosa pine and provides scenic views.</p><br>
<p>The Antlers Guard Station has wood frame construction and a concrete foundation. Its exterior is covered with weather board and shingles. It has two small rooms: the front room is a combined living room and bedroom. It is furnished with a futon style double bed and two bunk bed sets. The kitchen is equipped with a propane stove, table and chairs. The cabin has a propane fireplace for heat and propane lights.</p><br>
<p>An outhouse is located near the cabin. Water is available from an outside hand pump. There is a garage, a fire pit, and an outdoor picnic table located on the guard station grounds. There is also room for tent camping at the site.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The Antlers Guard Station can be rented by the night. The Wallowa–Whitman National Forest keeps 95 percent of the rental fee to maintain the cabin and improve the site. The cabin is available year-round and can be booked for up to seven days at a time. Kitchen utensils are provided, but visitors must bring their own sleeping bags or bedding, toiletries, towel, and first aid kit.</p><br>
<p>In the summer, visitors can hike trails or bike on forest roads. The cabin is also used by fishermen and hunters. Cross-country skiing, snowshoeing, and snowmobiling on designated routes are popular winter activities. In addition, it is legal to pan for gold in the Burnt River, which flows next to the guard station. Because the cabin is located in an isolated forest area, the Forest Service warns visitors to watch out for mountain lions, black bears, and rattle snakes.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Antlers Guard Station is located approximately two miles from the old Whitney town site. It is 22 miles northwest of Unity, Oregon, and 40 miles west of Baker City, Oregon. Cabin reservations and detailed directions to the site can be obtained from the Wallowa–Whitman National Forest. In the winter, snow in the area can get deep so the Forest Service recommends that visitors carry tire chains during the winter.</p><br>
<p>Hollywood Tower, originally known as La Belle Tour, is a large apartment building in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California. The tower, built in 1929, was a popular residence for entertainment industry employees for many years and has often been cited as the inspiration for Disney&#39;s Twilight Zone Tower of Terror attractions. The real-life Hollywood Tower was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Sophisticated living in Hollywood&#39;s "Golden Age"</h2><br>
<p>The V-shaped building, designed by architects Cramer & Wise in a faux French Normandy style, was built in 1929. At the time, it was a Class A building with more than 50 apartments, with three penthouse units, a subterranean garage, and private and public roof gardens. Located in the heart of Hollywood, the tower became a favorite place of residence for entertainment industry employees. A plaque by the front door reads: "Hollywood Tower. 1929. Sophisticated living for film luminaries during the Golden Age of Hollywood." Actor George Raft owned an interest in the building and lived there for a time. In her novel Stormy Weather, Paula L. Woods wrote: "Hollywood Tower was a seven-story, indecisive gray building at the corner of Franklin and Vista Del Mar in Hollywood. The faux French Normandy apartment building was so old it probably had a view of the sea when it was built Hollywood Tower, though, was a last vestige of an earlier era. You could tell by the way the planting in the front was kept neatly trimmed and the lobby smelled Spic-and-Span clean."</p><br>
<p>The building directly abuts the Hollywood Freeway, and its neon "HOLLYWOOD TOWER" sign looking directly over the northbound freeway is a Hollywood landmark. Hollywood historian Marc Wanamaker said, "It has been a major landmark since it was built. Even before the freeway, it was a landmark on that hill."</p><br>
<h2>Purchases and sales of the property</h2><br>
<p>The building was purchased over the years by South American investors for $300,000 in 1937, by Justus P. Seeburg in 1939 for $250,000, and by Sam Gutlin in 1953 for $642,000.</p><br>
<p>In 1978, the Hollywood Tower was sold to Deseret Properties, a Glendale, California firm owned by Blain Anderson. When Deseret bought the property, it was in poor shape, and the new owner invested approximately $50,000 in new carpeting and paint. However, Deseret found the project to be difficult to operate due to the adoption of rent control by the City of Los Angeles in 1978, and problems collecting rent from tenants who "didnt get that part" or "didnt sell that piece of music". In order to achieve a more stable flow of rental income, the new owner began courting senior citizens as tenants, and by 1981, 31 of the building&#39;s 56 apartments were occupied by senior citizens.</p><br>
<p>The building was sold in 2007 for $34.5 million to a Phoenix-based developer Alliance Residential with plans to build additional units on the land across Vista del Mar. Since the acquisition, ownership has invested more than $1 million in renovations and upgrades to the building and opened the new adjacent development, La Belle, in mid-2010.</p><br>
<p>As of 2015, The Hollywood Tower has been sold to Los Angeles-based developer MWest Holdings, and managed by their subsidiary, Polaris management. La Belle has been sold to Legacy Partners and is now known as "La Belle at Hollywood Tower". The two buildings are effectively separate entities.</p><br>
<h2>Historic designation</h2><br>
<p>The Hollywood Tower was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Though the architectural styles differ, the Hollywood Tower is "often cited as the inspiration" for the Twilight Zone Tower of Terror attractions at Disney parks in Florida, California, Paris and Tokyo. Like the real-life Hollywood Tower, the "Hollywood Tower Hotel" structure at the Disney theme parks bears the same classic "Hollywood Tower" sign and spiraling towers. A made-for-TV adaptation based on the ride entitled Tower of Terror was released in 1997, though while both the attraction and the movie shared the same basic premise of five people being killed in an elevator, the movie lacked any connection to The Twilight Zone.</p><br>
<p>The Hollywood Tower appears prominently, by name, in the 1948 mystery film Devils Cargo, part of The Falcon series. It is also featured in Brian De Palmas 1984 thriller Body Double, a movie notable for its setting in a number of Los Angeles landmarks. The Hollywood Tower received ample screen time in the 1980 screwball comedy Midnight Madness, produced by Walt Disney Productions.</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>Well-known motion picture character actor Eugene Pallette was one of the first residents and lived in the building for all the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>The Scottish comic actor James Finlayson was a resident in 1937.</p><br>
<p>Then-struggling actor Robert Patrick and his wife were residents in the early 1990s when Patrick got his big break in Terminator 2: Judgment Day.</p><br>
<p>The Wiley Hose Company Building is located in Catskill, New York. The three-story, brick building is a representative example of a turn-of-the-century firehouse. It was built in 1900 by George W. Holdridge, a local builder. The brick was produced in the Catskill area, and is complemented by stone and terra cotta detailing. The firehouse was altered somewhat around 1930 to accommodate the newer, larger mechanized fire equipment that replaced horse-drawn and smaller mechanized equipment. The matching entry porticos on either side were added at this time, and the wooden flooring in the equipment bay was replaced with concrete.</p><br>
<p>The West Catskill fire district served by this firehouse was founded in 1855. At that time, it was called the West Catskill Fire Company. In 1893, the company was renamed after the owner of the Kaatskill Knitting Company, General W.S.C. Wiley. In 1902 it was renamed again and subsequently called Hose Company No. 1. The building was used as an active firehouse until 1971.</p><br>
<p>The Wiley Hose Company was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<p>The Doubs Mill Historic District is a national historic district that encompasses a portion of the small community of Beaver Creek, Maryland, dating to the late 18th century and early 19th century. The dominating structure is Doubs Mill, a grain mill built between 1811 and 1821 by John Funk. Using local limestone, the neighborhood displays an unusual consistency of style and construction. In addition to Doub&#39;s Mill, there are five other homes and numerous outbuildings, all originally part of the mill complex. The stone structures are built in the German tradition, and one has a date stone inscribed 1782, at which time the area belonged to Henry and Christian Newcomer, Mennonites of Swiss-German origin.</p><br>
<p>Doub&#39;s Mill Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>Antrim 1844 Country House Hotel is a historic inn located in the heart of Taneytown, Carroll County, Maryland, United States. The Mansion is a -story Greek Revival style brick masonry house constructed in 1844. The property retains many of its outbuildings and is operated as a hotel and restaurant. In 2022 the hotel itself is currently a member of Historic Hotels of America, an official program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977 as Antrim.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1834, at the age of 22, Col. Andrew Ege married Margaret Ann McKaleb, daughter of Maj. John McKaleb, one of Taneytowns successful merchants. After the deaths of Margarets only brother in 1841 and John McKalebs death in January 1843, Margaret and Andrew inherited his 420-acre estate in Taneytown. Once settled, Andrew and Margaret commenced construction on Antrim in 1844, enlisting the services of Baltimore builder Benjamin Forrester, and sculptor William Henry Rinehart. The inn is named after Margarets family&#39;s ancestral home in County Antrim, Ireland.</p><br>
<p>On the lands, Ege operated a large slave plantation, raising 14 horses, 12 milk cows, and 18 other cattle, which produced 1,000 pounds of butter. He also cultivated 900 bushels of wheat, rye, corn, oats, potatoes, and hay on the acreage. However, after Ege went bankrupt, the estate was purchased by a local farmer, whose descendants expanded the land holdings and continued to operate it as a farm until the 1940s. Subsequently, the mansion was only used as a summer home until Dort and Richard Mollett bought it in 1988.</p><br>
<p>Following the death of his wife in 1851, Andrew remarried and relocated his family to the border between Missouri and Kansas.</p><br>
<p>The Polychrome Historic District is a national historic district in the Four Corners neighborhood in Silver Spring, Montgomery County, Maryland. It recognizes a group of five houses built by John Joseph Earley in 1934 and 1935. Earley used precast concrete panels with brightly colored aggregate to produce the polychrome effect, with Art Deco details. The two-inch-thick panels were attached to a conventional wood frame. Earley was interested in the use of mass-production techniques to produce small, inexpensive houses, paralleling Frank Lloyd Wright&#39;s Usonian house concepts.</p><br>
<p>Sandia Cave, also called the Sandia Man Cave, is an archaeological site near Bernalillo, New Mexico, within Cibola National Forest. First discovered and excavated in the 1930s, the site exhibits purported evidence of human use from 9,000 to 11,000 years ago. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961. The site is open to the public, up a difficult half-mile trail off New Mexico State Road 165.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Sandia Cave is located on a steep side wall of Las Huertas Canyon, on the north side of the Sandia Mountains northeast of Albuquerque, New Mexico. The public trailhead to access the cave is on the east side of NM165. The site is rather difficult to reach, as it is requires traversing ledges and a steep metal staircase.</p><br>
<p>According to a 2006 report, the cave appears to be in satisfactory condition, since it has been thoroughly excavated, there are no portable artifacts, walls, or fragile components that need to be protected.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The cave was discovered in 1936. The site was excavated in the 1930s and 1940s by Frank Hibben while at the University of New Mexico. He claimed to have found the oldest known evidence of humans in the new world, and found a new culture, whose artifacts resembled those of western Europeans, strongly suggesting the first inhabitants of the Americas were Europeans and not far eastern Asiatic as traditionally told. For these reasons the site became so important in the public&#39;s mind it was made into a National Historic Landmark in 1961.</p><br>
<p>Nevertheless, specialists and researchers have disputed claims associated with this site for decades. In 1995, Douglas Preston published an article in The New Yorker that raised many questions about the authenticity of the discoveries. He conducted interviews with specialists who have examined the physical evidence, and interviewed previous colleagues of Hibben. As one example, mammoth bones that Hibben claimed to have retrieved from the cave, to bolster the caves age, were later forensically traced to an industrial gravel pit, far away from the site where mammoth bones were frequently dug up by earth movers and recovered by workers. Experts on stone points found inconsistencies with the artifacts, such as manipulations by modern metal tools to make them appear older.</p><br>
<p>Folsom and Sandia hunting points were reportedly recovered at the site, with the hitherto unknown Sandia points interpreted by Hibben as being much older than any other evidence of man in North America. This discovery, if accurate, would make it one of the most important prehistoric sites of the new world, but the site does not have this reputation, "It&#39;s been thoroughly discredited," Preston said. Later study of stratigraphy and radiometric dates corrected serious earlier misinterpretations, or misrepresentations, leaving "Sandia Man" as definitely younger than earlier claimed.</p><br>
<p>Faunal remains, supposedly recovered by Hibben and his crew at the site, include extinct animals such as mammoth, mastodon, sloth, horses, and camels, as well as many mammal and bird species that survived the end of the Pleistocene, which if accurate, would make it one of the most important Pleistocene paleontological sites in northern New Mexico.</p><br>
<p>Preston says that among professional academics, Sandia Man is no longer taught very much in schools (as of 1995), and it has been removed or deprecated from most textbooks. In 1996, Hibben claimed he sued Preston, and The New Yorker, for libel over the piece, and they were in settlement negotiations. However no lawsuit ever occurred, it was, according to Preston, "just another lie".</p><br>
<p>Samuel Elmore Cannery was a USA National Historic Landmark in Astoria, Oregon that was designated in 1966 but was delisted in 1993.</p><br>
<p>The home of "Bumble Bee" brand tuna, it was the longest continuously-operated salmon cannery in the United States, from its construction in 1898 until decommissioning in 1980. The canned salmon industry was a cornerstone of the Northwest&#39;s resource-based economy from the late 1860s until after World War II. Amidst declining salmon stocks, the cannery diversified into tuna in the 1930s. Due to structural deterioration, the building was slated for demolition in 1991, and it was destroyed by fire on January 26, 1993.</p><br>
<p>The Louis Bolduc House, also known as Maison Bolduc, is a historic house museum at 123 South Main Street in Ste. Geneviève, Missouri. It is an example of poteaux sur solle  construction, and is located in the first European settlement in the present-day state of Missouri. The first historic structure in Ste. Genevieve to be authentically restored, the house is a prime example of the traditional French Colonial architecture of the early 18th century in North America and was designated in 1970 as a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Ste. Genevieve was founded in the mid-eighteenth century by French-Canadian settlers, most of whom migrated from villages on the east bank of the Mississippi River, such as Prairie du Rocher, Illinois. Because of repeated flooding from the Mississippi River, with an especially bad occurrence in 1785, they decided to relocate to a higher site further away from the river.</p><br>
<p>In 1792 Louis Bolduc, a successful merchant and trader, who also had lead mines to the west, built a one-story house at the new village site, about three miles north of the first. First to be built in the one-story house was a large "keeping room", about 26 × 27, where the family conducted most of its activities. It has a large fireplace at the north end, and a wide-plank puncheon floor, made of logs cut flat on only one side, with the curved side laid down. Storage for lead, corn and other goods was in the attic above the room. In 1793, Bolduc had the wide hallway and a large sleeping chamber added, the latter also about 26 × 27 in size. Historians believe the sleeping chamber had two "sleeping cells," areas partially walled off for privacy: one for him and his wife and one shared by their three children. Bolduc had tall windows with glass installed in both large rooms, another mark of his wealth.</p><br>
<p>The walls of the house were built with heavy oak timbers set about six inches apart and infilled with bousillage, a mixture of mud, straw, and horsehair that hardened to a cement-like texture. Sometimes other animal or human hair was added to the mixture. Diagonal timbers on each supporting wall added stability. The steep hip roof, made of cedar shakes, was supported by heavy, hand-hewn Norman trusses held together by mortise and tenon joinery. It extends over the four sides of the house&#39;s porches to provide shade and cooling. The house is surrounded by a reconstructed stockade fence typical of the time (to keep out livestock that roamed in the area). Gardens have been reconstructed on the grounds.</p><br>
<p>Located at 123 South Main, the property was owned by Bolduc family descendants until the 1940s. Furnished with pieces typical of the period, today it is operated as a historic house museum. Three items are original to the Bolduc family. The property has been owned since 1949 and operated by The National Society of The Colonial Dames of America in the State of Missouri. It was restored in 1956–1957, under the direction of the architectural historian, Dr. Ernest Allen Connally. As may be seen by a comparison of photos below, the house was restored to show its original colonial style, whose elements were intact under later changes. In 1970 the house was designated a National Historic Landmark. It is a contributing property in the Ste. Genevieve Historic District, which has National Historic Landmark status.</p><br>
<h2>Photos of the Bolduc House</h2><br>
<h3>Recent</h3><br>
<p>A Front View of the Bolduc House in Ste Genevieve MO.jpgFront view, showing post-on-sill construction and bousillage infill.</p><br>
<p>Poteaux-sur-Solle Model.jpgModel of the Bolduc House; shows diagonal framing timbers</p><br>
<p>Bolduc-house.jpgView of typical stockade fence; also view of side and front of house</p><br>
<p>Bolduc House and Detached Kitchen in Ste Genevieve MO.jpgGarden area of the property, showing detached kitchen and rear of house.</p><br>
<p>Bolduc House Detached Kitchen in Ste Genevieve MO.jpgReconstructed kitchen building at rear of house</p><br>
<p>Maison Bolduc.jpgRear view of house and detached kitchen</p><br>
<h3>Archival</h3><br>
<p>Bolduc House Gallery.jpg1930s–40s photo of the front of the house</p><br>
<p>A 1936 Photograph of the Front and Side of the Bolduc House in Ste Genevieve MO.jpg1936 photo of the front and side</p><br>
<p>A Photograph of the Norman Roof Truss in the Attic of the Bolduc House in Ste Genevieve MO.pngNorman truss components in the attic</p><br>
<p>Photograph of a Room Restored to the Original Look in the Bolduc House in Ste Genevieve MO.pngRestored bedroom</p><br>
<p>The Ste. Genevieve National Historical Park, established in 2020, consists of part or the whole of the area of the Ste. Genevieve Historic District, which is a historic district encompassing much of the built environment of Ste. Genevieve, Missouri, United States. The city was in the late 18th century the capital of Spanish Louisiana, and, at its original location a few miles south, capital of French Louisiana as well. A large area of the city, including fields along the Mississippi River, is a National Historic Landmark District designated in 1960, for its historically French architecture and land-use patterns, while a smaller area, encompassing the parts of the city historically important between about 1790 and 1950, was named separately to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>Ste. Genevieve is home to one of the highest concentrations of distinctive types of French colonial architecture known as poteaux en terre, or post in ground, and Poteaux-sur-sol, or post on sill. Both of these styles involve construction of walls consisting of vertical logs, the former placed directly into the ground, and the latter onto a horizontal sill of wood or stone. Prominent local examples of these architectural styles include the Beauvais-Amoureux House, the Felix Vallé House State Historic Site, La Maison de Guibourd, the Delassus-Kern House, and the Louis Bolduc House (itself listed separately as a National Historic Landmark). In 2018, the National Park Service was authorized to establish Ste. Genevieve National Historical Park as a unit of the USA national park system, following a favourable study by the park service.</p><br>
<p>It joined the park system on October 30, 2020.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Ste. Genevieve was established in the 1750s by French colonists, when the territory west of the Mississippi River was part of French Louisiana. It became the principle civic center of the region, and continued to be so when the area passed into Spanish control with the Treaty of Paris in 1763. The original site of Ste. Genevieve, about 3 mi south of the present city, was severely damaged by major flooding in 1785. After this event, the city was, over the next ten years, relocated to its present site on higher ground. The oldest surviving buildings in the city date to this period, with the church moved from its old site in 1793. The agricultural area just outside the city to the southeast is largely still laid out as it was at that time, following traditional French colonial lines.</p><br>
<p>Americans began to arrive in Ste. Genevieve after the Louisiana Purchase in 1810, and were followed by immigrant groups as the 19th century progressed. By the mid-19th century German-Americans made up the single largest population group in the city. Late in the 19th century, the manufacture of lime became a major local industry, and in 1904 the city became the western end of a railroad ferry, connecting to Kellogg, Illinois.</p><br>
<h2>Historic preservation and district designations</h2><br>
<p>The importance of Ste. Genevieves early architecture has long been recognized. In the 1930s a number of its builds were documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS), and the Bolduc House was restored in 1956–57. The National Park Service conducted a historic site survey of the region in 1960, leading to the designation of one of the first National Historic Landmark Districts. A survey by the Park Service in 1980 identified the location of Ste. Genevieves early settlement on the Mississippi floodplain, which had long been thought to be lost to floodwaters. The state has stepped in to acquire several of the older buildings for preservation and interpretation as historic sites.</p><br>
<p>The landmark designation as made in 1960 was short on details and exact boundaries. In 1970, the designation was amended to set a boundary, encompassing about 1,200 acre, including much of the town and river bottomlands that reflected French colonial land-use methods. Repeated attempts to further update the landmark designation, including an explicit enumeration of contributing and non-contributing properties, have been made (in 1975, 1986, and 2001), but none of these have passed review. As part of the 2001 work, a separate National Register nomination was prepared, approved in 2002 by the Park Service, that focused on the areas broader historical patterns. Its boundaries exclude the outlying agricultural areas. The park service has been developing plans for a potential national historical park based on Ste. Genevieves history and architecture.</p><br>
<p>On March 23, 2018, the National Park Service was authorized to establish Ste. Genevieve National Historical Park, when President Donald Trump signed a $1.3 trillion omnibus appropriations bill which contained a single line about the park in its 2,232 pages.</p><br>
<p>On October 30, 2020, USA Secretary of the Interior David L. Bernhardt took the last step necessary to formally establish Ste. Genevieve National Historical Park as the 422nd unit of the National Park System.</p><br>
<p>In 2020, a new visitors center was announced.</p><br>
<h2>Selected bibliography</h2><br>
<h3>Related sources</h3><br>
<h4>Pre-Louisiana Purchase</h4><br>
<p>Alvord, Clarence W. and Sutton, Robert M., The Illinois Country, 1673–1818,</p><br>
<p>Belting, Natalia Maree, Kaskaskia under the French Regime by</p><br>
<p>Brackenridge, Henri Marie, Recollections of Persons and Places in the West (Google Books)</p><br>
<p>Ekberg, Carl J., Colonial Ste. Genevieve: An Adventure on the Mississippi Frontier, Tucson, AZ: Patrice Press, 1996</p><br>
<p>Ekberg, Carl J., Francois Vallé and His World: Upper Louisiana Before Lewis and Clark, Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 2002.</p><br>
<p>Ekberg, Carl J., Stealing Indian Women: Native Slavery in the Illinois Country, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2007.</p><br>
<p>Ekberg, Carl J., Francois Valle and His World: Upper Louisiana before Lewis & Clark, Tucson, AZ: Patrice Press, 2006</p><br>
<p>Ekberg, Carl J., French Roots in the Illinois Country: The Mississippi Frontier in Colonial Times, Tucson, AZ: Patrice Press,</p><br>
<h4>Post Louisiana Purchase</h4><br>
<p>Aron, Stephen, American Confluence: The Missouri Frontier from Borderland to Border State</p><br>
<p>Peterson, Charles E., Colonial St. Louis: Building a Creole Capitol, Tucson, AZ: Patrice Press, 2001.</p><br>
<p>Schroeder, Walter A., Opening the Ozarks: A Historical Geography of Missouri&#39;s Ste. Genevieve District, 1760–1830, Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 2002.</p><br>
<p>Stepenoff, Bonnie, From French Community to Missouri Town, Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 2006.</p><br>
<p>Missouri Life Magazine, Lewis And Clark&#39;s Journey Across Missouri, Booneville, MO: Missouri Life Magazine, 2003.</p><br>
<h4>Overall history of Ste. Genevieve, Missouri</h4><br>
<p>Franzwa, Gregory M., The Story of Old Ste. Genevieve, Tucson: Patrice Press, 1998.</p><br>
<p>Deposki, Richard, Images of America: Ste. Genevieve, Chicago, IL: Arcadia Publishing, 2008.</p><br>
<p>Evans, Mark L., The Commandant&#39;s Last Ride, Tucson, AZ: Patrice Press, 1998.</p><br>
<p>Foster, Gerald, American Houses: A Field Guide to the Architecture of the Home, New York: Houghton Mifflin Co. 2004.</p><br>
<p>Naeger, Bill, Patti Naeger, and Mark Evans, Ste. Genevieve: A Leisurely Stroll through History. Ste. Genevieve, MO: Merchant Street Publishing, 1998.</p><br>
<p>Wehmeyer, Janice C., Ste. Genevieve, MO: A Guided Tour Through the Past and Present, self-published: 1993</p><br>
<p>Gerry Building is a high-rise building in the Fashion District of Los Angeles. Built in 1947, the Streamline Moderne style building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>It is located in the Fashion District and originally was used for garment manufacture.</p><br>
<p>It is a nine-story concrete building "dominated by eight curved tiers of windows. The curving motif</p><br>
<p>is repeated in the main entrance and showcase windows of the ground level."</p><br>
<p>Watrous, also named La Junta, is a National Historic Landmark District near Watrous, New Mexico. It encompasses the historic junction point of the two major branches of the Santa Fe Trail, a major 19th-century frontier settlement route between St. Louis, Missouri and Santa Fe, New Mexico. La Junta, marked this junction point, as well as the first major indications of civilization before westbound travelers reached Santa Fe. The district includes a large area west of the modern community of Watrous, encompassing the confluence of the Mora and Sapello Rivers. Surviving buildings include the houses of early ranchers, as well as a stagecoach mailstop and inn. The district was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1963.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Santa Fe Trail was one of the major routes by which the American West was settled. It had two major branches: the Mountain Branch, which skirted north of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains and crossed southward at Raton Pass, and the Cimarron Cutoff, which ran a more direct route south of mountains but across desert that was also populated by hostile Native Americans. These two routes came together to the west of the confluence of the Mora and Sapello Rivers, which is just north of present-day Watrous. The Santa Fe Trail remained in use until the 1870s, when it was supplanted by Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, whose route roughly follows the Cimarron Cutoff route. The railroad established the present-day community of Watrous east of the trail junction, after which the small community there was largely abandoned.</p><br>
<p>The community at the trail junction was known as La Junta ("the junction" in Spanish), Tiptonville, or Watrous, the latter two based on the names of two early ranchers in the area, Samuel Watrous and William Tipton. There are 21 surviving structures or foundational remains in the district, most of which were built before 1870. Important surviving structures include the ranch house and store of Samuel Watrous (now on the Watrous Valley Ranch), a similar building belonging to William Tipton, and the rancho house of William Koenig. The Koenig House, built in the 1860s on what is now known as the Phoenix Ranch, is one of the state&#39;s finest examples of Territorial architecture. There are also three small cemeteries, and the remains of three structures associated with a horse corral managed by Fort Union.</p><br>
<p>The Miami and Erie Canal Deep Cut is a well-preserved long section of the Miami and Erie Canal near Spencerville in western Ohio. The 6,600 ft segment represents one of the major construction efforts of the canal; in order to avoid using locks to go over a ridge, the canal was dug deeply into it, far more than the 5 ft depth of the canal itself. Workers dug the canal bed up to 52 ft into the blue clay ridge that separated the St. Marys and Auglaize River watersheds. It is a United States National Historic Landmark. The cut is owned by the state and managed jointly by Johnny Appleseed MetroParks and the Heritage Trails Park District as Deep Cut Historical Park, with multi-use trails and a picnic area.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Miami and Erie Canal was one of Ohio&#39;s two major artificial waterways. Built between 1825 and 1845, the canal stretched from Cincinnati to Toledo, by way of Dayton; the canal brought settlers into western Ohio and provided access to markets for farmers. Construction of the canal, in particular the cut, was an extremely labor-intensive job, performed by local hires, convicted criminals, and Irish immigrants. The advent of railroads gradually rendered the canal system obsolete.</p><br>
<p>The Deep Cut is located two miles (3 km) south of Spencerville on State Route 66. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964. The boundaries of the National Historic Landmark area are State Route 66, Mendon Road, Route 66A, and Henne Road, spanning the Allen/Auglaize county line.</p><br>
<p>Deep Cut 1.jpg</p><br>
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<p>Deep Cut 4.jpg</p><br>
<p>The Joseph Williams Octagon House and the Gilbert Stancliff Octagon House are once-identical historic mid-1850s octagon houses located next to each other at 26 and 28 Marlborough Street in Portland, Connecticut. Constructed of Portland brownstone in the 1850s, they are distinctive as the only known pair of little-altered octagon houses in the state. The pair of houses, also known as the Octagon House Pair, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The two octagon houses are located just outside the town center of Portland, on the north side of Marlborough Street. They are set well back from the street, with a wide grassy expanse in between. Both buildings are two stories in height, with brownstone walls that have been finished in painted stucco. Each has an octagonal cupola at the center of the roof, and a single-story porch on the front facade, sheltering the main entrance. The Stancliff house&#39;s porch is a 20th-century replacement. The main roof eave on each house is adorned with carved wooden brackets. When evaluated for National Register listing in the 1970s, the building interiors appeared to be relatively little-altered, despite conversion of one of the buildings to apartments.</p><br>
<p>The two houses were built for Gilbert Stancliff and his brother-in-law, Joseph Williams, and his wife Laura. The stone for their construction came from the local brownstone quarry owned by Stancliff. They may have been built by Stancliff&#39;s brother Charles, who was a local builder.</p><br>
<p>Rich Hill, near Bel Alton, Maryland, was owned by Colonel Samuel Cox, a Confederate sympathizer during the American Civil War. Following the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln on April 14, 1865, Cox hid assassin John Wilkes Booth and his companion, David Herold, in a swamp near Rich Hill. Booth and Herold left the property on April 21, crossing the Potomac River in a small boat.</p><br>
<p>Following Booth&#39;s capture, Cox was tried and convicted of aiding Booth, receiving a light sentence.</p><br>
<p>The house is significant in its own right, showing characteristic features of southern Maryland house construction.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>The Loren Andrus Octagon House, also known as the Washington Octagon House, is a historic octagon house located at 57500 Van Dyke Avenue just north of 26 Mile Road in Washington Township, Macomb County, Michigan. On September 3, 1971, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Loren Andrus was born in 1816 in New York, and moved with his parents to Washington Township in 1828. Using Orson Squire Fowler&#39;s A Home For All as a guide, they began constructing this house, finishing in 1860.</p><br>
<p>Andrus was quite active in local cultural organizations, and the house served as a social center for the community. In 1890, Lucinda Davis Andrus died. Loren Andrus sold the house in 1894 and moved to Detroit.</p><br>
<p>After Andrus&#39;s death, the house changed hands several times, and was even used as a restaurant in the late 1930s. In 1945, the Detroit Board of Education established Albert H. Schmidt Foundation Farm on the property to train high school and college students in agricultural techniques. The house served as a dormitory, and was operated by Wayne State University as an extension of their agricultural college. The house was scheduled to be torn down until William and Phyllis Hamilton bought the house and restored it. They turned it into a living museum with three generations of the Hamilton family living and working there. The house was later sold back into private hands and converted back into a single family residence.</p><br>
<p>It is now owned by the Friends of the Loren Andrus Octagon House, Inc., which bought it in 1987. In the 1990s and early 2000s most of the land the Octagon house once sat on was sold and converted into single-family residential homes and a shopping center. A move under the township’s controversial zoning and rationalization plan (1993).</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Loren Andrus Octagon House is a two-story, eight-sided structure constructed of brick. The roof has extravagant Italianate supporting brackets and an octagonal cupola with weatherboard sheathing on top. A large porch supported by Neo-Corinthian wood columns wraps around seven of the eight sides of the house. On the eighth side, a single-story brick kitchen wing with low gable roof extends to the rear. The house has two-sash double-hung windows with shaped wood lintels.</p><br>
<p>On the interior, the octagon houses four rooms on each level. In the center of the house is a dramatic spiral staircase, which extends upward from the main floor all the way to the cupola. Triangular alcoves lead off the stair to each of the rooms. Ceilings throughout the house are twelve feet high.</p><br>
<p>The Longwood Historic District is a recognized historic district located in the center of the Longwood neighborhood in the South Bronx, New York. It encompasses about three square blocks roughly bounded by Beck Street, Longwood, Leggett, and Prospect Avenues.</p><br>
<p>The district consists of semi-detached rowhouses, most of which have been converted into S.R.O.s (Single Room Occupancy). The district includes 61 contributing buildings. It is primarily residential, but also includes the site of the former Prospect Hospital, two churches (United Church and St. Margarets Episcopal Church), and a much altered estate house (Patrolman P. Lynch Community Center). Most of the semi-detached rowhouses were designed at the same time by one architect, Warren C. Dickerson.</p><br>
<p>The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission made it a historic district in 1980 and extended it in 1983.</p><br>
<p>On September 26, 1983, the district was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Arrow Rock Historic District is a National Historic Landmark District encompassing the village of Arrow Rock, Missouri and the adjacent Arrow Rock State Historic Site. The Arrow Rock area was where the historic Santa Fe Trail crossed the Missouri River, and was thus a key stopping point during the settlement of the American West. The 260 acre historic district was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1963.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Arrow Rock is named for a stone formation that has been a recognized landmark on the Missouri River since the 18th century, supposedly prized by local Native Americans as a source of stone for tools and weapons. A ferry was established in the area in 1815, providing westward access to settlers passing through Franklin on the eastern bank. In the 1820s this route became known as the Santa Fe Trail, and became a major route by which settlers traveled west. The town of Arrow Rock provided services to these travelers, with a tavern (the still -standing 1834 J. Huston Tavern) and a fresh-water spring among the amenities. By the mid-19th century the town had a population of 1,000. As the trail declined in importance, so did the town&#39;s population.</p><br>
<p>Since 1912, Arrow Rock has transformed from a small river town into a major heritage-tourism center thanks to an active historic preservation movement. In 1963 it was recognized as a National Historic Landmark site, in 2006 the National Trust for Historic Preservation listed it as one of its "Dozen Distinctive Destination" sites, and in 2008 it was recognized as a "Preserve America Community." For most of the 20th century, preservation and interpretation activities focused almost exclusively on the upscale white, male components, ignoring the role of the majority population. Beginning in 1996, Arrow Rock redefined has utilized public history and archaeology to emphasize new interpretive programs that Pay much more attention to the African American heritage. Preservationists and historians are eager to involve this previously marginalized descendant community.</p><br>
<p>The historic district includes both the incorporated village of Arrow Rock, and the grounds of the adjacent state historic site, which partly overlap each other. The village includes a significant number of surviving pre-Civil War buildings, including the tavern, a courthouse, jail, and several churches. Within the bounds of the state park is the George Caleb Bingham House, a modest brick structure (now restored) that was the home of frontier artist George Caleb Bingham.</p><br>
<p>The Hopeton Earthworks are an Ohio Hopewell culture archaeological site consisting of mounds and earthwork enclosures. It is located on the eastern bank of the Scioto River just north of Chillicothe in Ross County, Ohio, about 1 mi east of the Mound City Group and Shriver Circle on a terrace of the Scioto River. The site is a detached portion of the Hopewell Culture National Historic Park, along with the Mound City Group, Hopewell Mound Group, Seip Earthworks, Spruce Hill Earthworks, and the High Bank Works. The site is open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Survey history</h2><br>
<h3>Squier and Davis: 1846</h3><br>
<p>Ephraim George Squier and Edwin Hamilton Davis visited the site in 1846. They would discuss their findings from surveying Hopeton in their 1848 book, Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley. They describe the site as consisting of main works with a set of smaller works to the right of the main. There is a rectangle shaped work "with an attached circle, the latter extending into the former, instead of being connected with it in the usual manner." The circle is located "somewhat to the right of a line drawn through the centre of the rectangle, parallel to its longest sides." The rectangle site was surveyed at 950 ft by 900 ft in size. The attached circle was noted at 1,050 ft in diameter.</p><br>
<p>The site was reported as having 12 gateways, averaging 25 ft in width. The "line" going from the circle to the rectangle was 530 ft long. The east side of the earthworks were reported as having two more circles. One was measured at 200 ft and the other at 250 ft in diameter. Another small circle is located just north of the site, also noted at 250 ft in diameter.</p><br>
<p>The walls are loam. They were reported as being 12 ft high and 50 ft at the base. Unlike many other earthworks, there is no ditch on either side of the walls. Squier and Davis were impressed by the size of the walls, stating that "they resemble the heavy grading of a railway, and are broad enough, on the top, to admit the passage of a coach." The circle walls are shorter than the rectangle walls, and Squier and Davis believed this to be due to farming. They noted that the clay used to build the circle was different colors than the earth the earthworks were built upon.</p><br>
<p>Squier and Davis surveyed that parallel walls traveled from the northwestern corner of the rectangle to the river it the southwest. They did not believe that these walls were directly connected to the main works of the site. They walls were marked as being 24 ft long and 150 ft apart. They end at "the edge of the terrace", where the "river once had its course". Both are described as being straight in design. They noted that excavations throughout the area, one is a large hole, others were random removals of soil, but not enough removed to have created the earthworks. No large mounds were found at the time of excavation, but two small oval shaped elevations were discovered. There were also two small mounds in the rectangle.</p><br>
<p>After their survey, Squier and Davis concluded that the site was used as a fortification.</p><br>
<p>The S Bridge is a historic stone arch bridge, spanning Salt Fork about 4 mi east of Old Washington, Ohio. Built in 1828, it is one of the best-preserved surviving bridges built for the westward expansion of the National Road from Wheeling, West Virginia to Columbus, Ohio. S bridges derive their name from the sharply curving approaches to the span. The bridge was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964. The bridge is closed to traffic, and may be seen from Blend Road on the north and Rhinehart Road on the south.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The S Bridge is located about four miles east of Old Washington, just north of the current alignments of Interstate 70 and County Road 690. The latter provides access to the roads leading to the bridge, Blend Road and Rhinehart Road. The road alignment it follows is historically that of the National Road, and later United States Route 40. The bridge is approximately 185 ft long, including approach elements. The main span is a segmented stone arch, whose crown is typically 18 in above the streambed. The bridge is built out of randomly laid ashlar stone, which rises to low parapets giving a roadway width of 26 ft. There are large stone buttresses reinforcing each end of the arched section. The bridge&#39;s characteristic S shape is derived from the sharply curving approaches on either side of the main span.</p><br>
<p>The National Road was a project authorized by the United States Congress when it created the state of Ohio, in order to provide a reliable transport route across the Appalachian Mountains. The road was completed to Wheeling in 1818, and Congress authorized an extension to Columbus in 1825. This bridge was built as part of that expansion project, and was the major route by which Ohio and the Old Northwest were settled. This is one of four surviving S bridges built in Ohio for the National Road.</p><br>
<p>The United States Post Office in Dobbs Ferry, New York serves the ZIP Code 10522, which covers the village of Dobbs Ferry. It is a brick Colonial Revival structure located at the corner of Main and Oak streets, in the downtown section.</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1936, as part of a massive postal construction effort. Its architecture features a high level of detail and ornament for the Colonial Revival style. Only two other post offices in New York in that style share the same level of detail. For this reason it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The post office is a one-story, five-by-five-bay steel frame building occupying the corner lot. The ground slopes slightly from the rear to the west-facing front facade (the Hudson River is a short distance in that direction). Thus it was built on a raised foundation. From the rear a three-bay wing projects, giving access to the parking lot.</p><br>
<p>The foundation and exteriors are faced with red brick laid in common bond. The front section, one bay deep, has a roof done in copper with parapeted gables on the end walls. The remainder of the roof is flat. Cast-stone coping outlines the entire roof, and the front has a boxed wood cornice. Bronze lettering above the entrance identifies it as the Dobbs Ferry post office.</p><br>
<p>The entrance centers the entire main facade. It is arched, with flanking wooden pilasters topped with dosserets and a denticulated (toothed) broken-bed pediment. The windows feature splayed brick lintels and capping keystones. Two iron lantern-style lamps frame the door.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the lobby takes an L-shaped form through four of the five bays. It features orange quarry tile and a counter-height dado. The plaster ceiling is coved, and the original wood frames on the bulletin boards and windows, as well as iron grilles on the screenline, remain.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Dobbs Ferry had had a post office under its earlier names of Wickquaequeeck and Greenburgh prior to its incorporation in 1872 and change to its current name a decade later. In 1915 the USA Post Office, then under the auspices of the Treasury Department, began to standardize its local branches across the country. This trend reached Dobbs Ferry when it became one of 136 new post offices authorized for New York State under an amendment to the Public Buildings Act of 1931.</p><br>
<p>Congress did not get around to appropriating the money for a new Dobbs Ferry post office until 1934. In November of that year the current property was acquired for $11,700, and an existing store and residence condemned to make way for the new building. Congress then made $95,000 available for construction, and the Summit Brothers firm began work the next year. The new post office opened for business in 1936.</p><br>
<p>The design, by Treasury supervising architect Louis Simon, used a Colonial Revival style, common for many post offices in and out of New York from 1905 onward. Most of these were simple, somewhat spartan structures, and the level of ornamentation at Dobbs Ferry is a departure from the norm. In New York, only the Granville and Hudson Falls post offices share the parapeted gables and window keystones.</p><br>
<p>It has remained largely intact since its construction. Modern aluminum doors have been installed at the entrance, as well as modern lighting inside. The most significant alteration was the replacement of the original double staircase to the front entrance with a wheelchair-accessible ramp, mandated in federal buildings by the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. Anna E. and Andrew A. Johnstone House  is a historic house in Des Moines, Iowa, United States. Built in 1887, the Queen Anne-style house was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>It was a 10-room house, on a triple lot.</p><br>
<p>Anna E. Johnstone was a teacher before marrying. Andrew A. Johnstone owned a china and glassware store in downtown Des Moines. They had two daughters. Andrew died of a stroke in 1892. Anna sold Andrew&#39;s business, moved with the children to a rented apartment, and rented out the house. She sold insurance and real estate and returned to school, receiving a medical degree in 1900 and becoming a doctor of osteopathy, and one of the first women to accomplish that. She moved back into the house and used part of it to operate her osteopathy practice.</p><br>
<p>Anna was a student of Dr. Summerfield S. Still, who ran an osteopathic hospital and school in downtown Des Moines, and lived in North Des Moines.</p><br>
<p>The house was still in the family in 2013: it was owned and occupied by Jon Royal, a great-grandson of Anna E. and Andrew A Johnstone.</p><br>
<p>Anna Johnstone died in 1848.</p><br>
<p>The Charles Young Buffalo Soldiers National Monument, a National Monument of the United States, commemorates the life of Charles Young , an escaped slave who rose to become a Buffalo Soldier in the United States Army and its first African-American colonel. It is located on United States Route 42 in Wilberforce, Ohio, in a house purchased by Young in 1907 that was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1974. The monument is administered by the National Park Service; the house is open by appointment for tours.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Charles Young House is located in a rural setting southwest of Wilberforce, on the north side of US 42 between Clifton and Stevenson Roads. The house is an eclectically styled -story brick building, with a gabled roof that has deeply overhanging eaves. A T-shaped porch extends across the middle three bays of the five-bay front facade, supported by square posts. A series of ells extend to the rear, giving the building a T shape.</p><br>
<p>Charles Young was born into slavery in Kentucky in 1864. He was the third African American graduate of West Point, the first black USA national park superintendent, the first African American military attaché, and the highest ranking black officer in the United States Army until his death in 1922. He also taught military science at Wilberforce University, during which time he purchased this house, which he called "Youngsholm." The house was built in 1832, and is reported to have served as a way station on the Underground Railroad.</p><br>
<p>On March 25, 2013, under the Antiquities Act, President Barack Obama designated the house as the Charles Young Buffalo Soldiers National Monument, a unit of the National Park Service. The house museum has exhibits about Young and the Buffalo Soldiers. A 15-month renovation began in October 2021 to restore the home to its state when Young lived there.</p><br>
<p>Manasseh Cutler Hall  on the College Green of Ohio University is the oldest academic building at Ohio University and the oldest in the original Northwest Territory of the United States. It is located at the center of the Ohio University campus in Athens, Ohio. A National Historic Landmark, it continues to house school offices. The hall is named for Manasseh Cutler, a New England physician, botanist, and minister who wrote the University&#39;s charter in 1804.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Originally constructed in 1816 as the College Edifice, the building did not officially open until 1819 due to a fire. It is a three-story brick structure, with a gabled roof topped by a wooden tower and cupola. The main facade is nine bays wide, with the main entrance at its center, topped by a semi-oval fanlight. The windows in the floors above the entrance are Palladian in style, that on the second floor topped by a half-round window. The tower has two stages, the first being square with a round window in the front face, and the second octagonal with louvered openings. Cutler Hall was joined by Wilson Hall (to its left) in 1837 and McGuffey Hall (to its right) in 1839.</p><br>
<p>In March 1812, Ohio University’s building committee asked General Rufus Putnam to draft a plan for a college edifice near the center of campus. Architect Benjamin Corp of Marietta was hired to assist Putnam in the building design and supervised the construction of the new Federal style building.</p><br>
<p>On August 24, 1818, the unfinished structure sustained significant damage during a storm, and the building nearly caught fire when according to the architect, "Lightning struck the building which must be very wet and probably under the hand of providence saved the building from being consumed by fire". This delayed the completion of the building until 1819 at a final cost of $17,806. It featured a large cast iron bell in its cupola, first rang in 1819, and believed to have been built cast in either London or Boston.</p><br>
<p>Cutler Hall was completed only 20 years after the White House and is the oldest academic building in the historic Northwest Territory. The hall initially housed dormitories and laboratory space, as well as the office of the university president. The roof was raised in 1882 by about three feet. In 1937 the interior of the building underwent a complete modernization, which included the addition of metal staircases and an elevator. The roof was restored to its original roofline in 1949, and the building exterior now looks much as it did when first built.</p><br>
<h2>Today&#39;s Uses</h2><br>
<p>Manasseh Cutler Hall occupies a central position on todays College Green. The building houses the Office of the President, the presidents cabinet, including the Office of the Executive Vice President & Provost, Vice President of Student Affairs and other senior and academic related administrators. The building is a centerpiece of the Universitys historic district and often used a photo backdrop for graduating seniors and other professional photography. Often seen as a meeting spot on campus, many gatherings and other large congregations happen outside of Cutler Hall for student organizations to promote themselves and other university related purposes. The buildings chimes ring out over the campus every thirty minutes to signal on the half hour and on the hour with the Westminster Quarters. On Founders Day, a celebration and day of remembrance and reflection for the formation and official chartering of the University every year on February 18 is observed, and the chimes play Alma Mater Ohio at the time same as the University’s age (example; the bells will ring at 2:17pm for the 217th Founder’s Day in 2021). The original founding date of the University was February 18, 1804.</p><br>
<p>The Harriet Taylor Upton House is a historic house museum at 380 Mahoning Avenue NW in Warren, Ohio. Built about 1840, it was the residence of suffragette Harriet Taylor Upton  from 1887 to 1931. The house was the headquarters of Uptons National American Womans Suffrage Association from 1903 to 1905, and was thus an important site in the early 20th century push for women&#39;s suffrage. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1992. It is owned by a local nonprofit, and is open for tours by appointment.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Harriet Taylor Upton House is located in downtown Warren, on the northeast side of Mahoning Avenue near the municipal offices, an area known locally as "Millionaire&#39;s Row". It is a -story wood-frame structure, with a hip roof, clapboarded exterior, and single-story porch across the front. A single-story ell extends to the right at a recess, with an open balustraded veranda in front. The main facade is three bays wide, with the entrance in the right bay. Windows are long on the first floor and shorter on the second, with projecting cornices above the second-floor windows. The interior has been restored to a turn-of-the-century appearance, after a long period of use as a multiunit residence.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1840 by General Simon Perkins for his son Henry. Original carrying Egyptian features, it was at some point given a Greek Revival makeover, the style it had when occupied by Harriet Taylor Upton. It was purchased in 1883 by Congressman Ezra B. Taylor, and given to Upton in 1887. During Uptons term as treasurer of the National Woman Suffrage Association (1894–1910), the organization was headquartered in this house for part of that time (roughly 1903–1909). Uptons leadership of the organization helped keep it afloat during a period in which relatively few gains were made toward women&#39;s suffrage, but gave it continuity between its early leaders and the subsequent successful campaigns for the vote.</p><br>
<p>The house was modernized in the 1930s, and served as a community center before being divided into apartments in the 1950s. In 1989, it was purchased by the Upton Association and restored to the period of Upton&#39;s occupancy. It opened as a museum in 2009.</p><br>
<p>The city hall of Brockton, Massachusetts is located at 45 School Street. It is a predominantly brick -story building sited on an entire city block bounded by School Street, East Elm Street, and City Hall Square. The Romanesque Revival structure was designed by local architect Wesley Lyng Minor, and built in 1892–94. It has entrances on three sides, each under a round Richardsonian arch with carved voussoirs. Its most prominent feature is a five-story tower, decorated with terra cotta panels and topped by a steeply-pitched Gothic style hip roof. The east elevation also has a three-story circular tower topped by a battlement. It was the first purpose-built building for housing the city&#39;s offices. The grand hall of the interior features murals depicting scenes of the American Civil War, painted by Richard Holland and Mortimer Lamb in 1893.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>Brockton Edison Electric Illuminating Company Power Station or "Brockton Edison Company - Old Power Station" is a historic power plant at 70 School Street in Brockton, Massachusetts. It was one of the earliest power plants built by Thomas Edison.</p><br>
<p>The plant opened on October 1, 1883. It contained three "H" dynamos capable of powering about 1600 lamps.</p><br>
<p>The Brockton plant was soon followed by others in Lawrence and Fall River, Massachusetts, and Newburgh, New York.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>The Snow Fountain and Clock is a historic public monument at the southern junction of North Main and East Main Streets in Brockton, Massachusetts, USA. The monument was given to the city in 1902 by George G. Snow, who lived in a large house near the site. The monument has three major components: a water fountain, a horse trough, and a four-faced clock mounted on a 15 ft column in the center of the water fountain. The trough and fountain are constructed of Quincy granite. The clock mechanism was constructed by E. Howard & Co. The horse trough is now used as a planter.</p><br>
<p>The monument was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. Edgar Everett Dean House is a historic house located at 81 Green Street in Brockton, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The 3-story wood-frame house was built in 1884 for Doctor Edgar Everett Dean, a prominent local physician. The Queen Anne Victorian is one of the few surviving residential designs of the locally prominent architect Wesley Lyng Minor, whose credits also include Brockton City Hall. From 1939 to 1993, the building was home to the Hall Funeral Home.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Old Post Office Building is a historic building in Lynn, Massachusetts. The two-story Colonial Revival building was built in 1897 to serve as the growing citys new post office. It is one of the citys best examples of Colonial Revival styling, and features distinctive copper sheathed domes. The building was expanded c. 1912 with a wing in the back, and replaced by the present post office in 1933. It has since been used principally as an office building.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.</p><br>
<p>The Hotel Breakers, opened in 1905, is a large historic Lake Erie resort hotel located at 1 Cedar Point Drive in the Cedar Point amusement park in Sandusky, Ohio.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early years</h3><br>
<p>At the turn of the 20th Century, George A. Boeckling, then general manager of Cedar Point, believed that the longer guests stayed at Cedar Point, the more profitable the resort would be. The parks two hotels at that time, the 20-room Bay Shore Hotel and the 125-room White House Hotel, were having trouble meeting the demands of overnight visitors. Boeckling made plans to build a massive hotel on the resorts beach. Keeping with Boecklings vision of Cedar Point as the "Queen of American Watering Places", he set out to build the resorts grandest hotel.</p><br>
<p>The Hotel Breakers opened on June 12, 1905, featuring 600 rooms, most with a view of Lake Erie. Each room included running water and one hundred had private baths, a rarity for hotels at that time. The hotel&#39;s Breakers Cafe seated 400 guests. The hotel was designed by the Knox & Elliott architectural firm and was influenced by chateaus Boeckling had seen while traveling in France.</p><br>
<p>The hotels lobby featured round seats, which remain a Cedar Point tradition. The ceiling was elaborate pressed tin and included chandeliers crafted by Tiffany artists. The hotels original amenities included imported wicker furniture, large brass beds, a manicurist, a medical doctor, a tailor, a stenographer, a barbershop, news stand, ice cream parlor and souvenir counter. Adjacent to the lobby was a four-story rotunda featuring four tiers of balconies, which remains in the hotel.</p><br>
<h3>Heyday</h3><br>
<p>A new wing was added to the Breakers in 1917 bringing the number of rooms to more than 700. Singers from the Metropolitan Opera gave impromptu performances in the rotunda from their balconies during the 1910s and 1920s. The 160-room Bon Air wing of the hotel was added to the north side in 1926, bringing the number of rooms to 875.</p><br>
<p>In 1935, the Hotel Breakers was modernized and the Tavern Terrace added near the hotel. The outdoor stage area provided entertainment and served cocktails.</p><br>
<h3>Later years</h3><br>
<p>The hotel was designated a USA National Historic Landmark in 1987.</p><br>
<p>In 1995, the hotel constructed the Breakers East wing on a five-acre site just east of the lobby. The project added 206 rooms, including 103 regular rooms, 95 suites and eight tower suites. The new wing also contained three meeting rooms and an outdoor pool and spa.</p><br>
<p>In 1999, the 10-story Breakers Tower wing was constructed on the hotel&#39;s west side, with a five-story connecting link to the main building. The Breakers Tower added a total of 230 rooms and suites, including 17 luxury suites with private balconies. Several historic wings of the hotel were demolished during the 1999 project, altering the hotel significantly.</p><br>
<p>As a direct result of the 1999 demolitions, the hotel&#39;s National Historic Landmark status was removed on August 7, 2001. The National Park Service stated the hotel "no longer retained integrity of scale, massing, and materials." In addition, they said the new Breakers Tower disrupted "the spatial and visual relationship between the original rotunda and wings."</p><br>
<p>In the off-season after summer 2014, another major renovation project began. This involved the demolition of one of the remaining historic sections of the hotel, the original main lobby, as well as the demolition of the 1926 Bon Air wing. The renovations also included the restoration and reopening of the remaining historic central rotunda wing, which had been mothballed for years, because the old guest rooms in it did not have bathrooms. In addition, the 2014 renovations involved repainting the hotel, replacing its roof, and remodeling the interior. The renovations were the most expensive single project ever at Cedar Point. The hotel reopened for the 2015 season.</p><br>
<p>In 2018, a new 158-room, 6-story tower, the Breakers West, was opened on the site of the demolished Bon Air wing. It included connecting rooms for families, as well as its own outdoor pool and jacuzzi.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Over the years notable guests have included:</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The hotel sits on the one mile beach mentioned on Cedar Points web page. The hotel has two outdoor pools and one indoor pool, each with a hot tub nearby. The hotel contains a conference center, shops including Tommy Bahama, and several restaurants including T.G.I. Fridays and Perkins Restaurant.</p><br>
<p>The 2014-2015 remodel replaced the dinner restaurant with a Japanese teppanyaki and sushi restaurant, a new lobby bar, an in house Starbucks, a dedicated Dominos pizza delivery kitchen, as well as a new beach bar.</p><br>
<p>The Joshua Reed Giddings Law Office is a historic commercial building at 102 East Jefferson Street in Jefferson, Ohio. Built in 1823, it was the law office of Joshua Reed Giddings , a prominent abolitionist who served as a USA representative from 1838 to 1859. The building was recognized as a National Historic Landmark for Giddings&#39; role in the slavery debates preceding the American Civil War. It is now owned by the local historical society, and is a museum open by appointment.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Joshua Read Giddings Law Office is located east of downtown Jefferson, on the south side of East Jefferson Street, across from the Jefferson Baptist Church and next to a small public park called Giddings Park. It is a small single-story wood-frame structure, covered by a gabled roof and finished in wooden clapboards. The front facade has the main entrance on the right and a window on the left; a similar arrangement is on the back as well. The doorway is flanked by slender pilasters and topped by a corniced entablature. The building has simple corner boards, which rise to a narrow entablature; the gable above is fully pedimented. The interior of the building consists of a single chamber.</p><br>
<p>The building was constructed in 1823. From 1838 to 1859 it served as the law office of Joshua Reed Giddings. Giddings was a vocal abolitionist, who pressed debates on slavery during his service in the United States House of Representatives. His radical pronouncements earned him the censure of Congress for violating the body&#39;s gag rule forbidding discussion of slavery. Giddings is believed to a significant effect on the antislavery stance of President Abraham Lincoln.</p><br>
<p>The building is now a museum owned and operated by the Ashtabula County Historical Society. Originally located next to Giddings&#39; house on North Chestnut Street, it was moved to its present location in 2013.</p><br>
<p>The Charles F. Kettering House is a historic house on Ridgeleigh Road in Kettering, Ohio. Built in 1914, and reconstructed after a fire in 1995, it was the primary residence of inventor Charles F. Kettering, founder of Delco Electronics. The Tudor Revival house, also known as Ridgeleigh Terrace, was the first house in the United States with electric air conditioning using freon. The reconstructed house is now owned by Kettering Medical Center, which operates it as a conference center. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1977.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Charles F. Kettering House is located on Ketterings west side, on a hill overlooking the grounds of both Kettering College and Kettering Medical Center. It is a large Tudor Revival structure, originally designed by the Dayton firm of Schenck & Williams and built in 1914. The original building was destroyed by fire in 1995 and was rebuilt with significant modifications from the original blueprints, primarily to the upper floors, which were redesigned to accommodate the buildings function as a conference center.</p><br>
<p>Charles Kettering was a successful inventor, businessman, and philanthropist. His inventions of a reliable car engine ignition system, discovery of tetraethyl lead as a fuel additive to avoid engine knocking, and the development of freon, all contributed to the spread of the automobile in the United States. His philanthropy included founding of the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.</p><br>
<p>The John Mercer Langston House is a historic house at 207 East College Avenue in Oberlin, Ohio. Built in 1855, it was home to John Mercer Langston , attorney, abolitionist, diplomat, US Congressman and college president, who was one of the first African Americans elected to public office in the United States. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The John Mercer Langston House is located on Oberlin&#39;s east side, on the south side of East College Avenue opposite the Eastwood School. It is a two-story frame structure, with a side gable roof and clapboarded exterior. The house is not particularly architecturally distinguished, although historic photos show it having a Gothic Revival porch, and its current entrance surround includes some Gothic elements. The current porch is a 20th-century alteration, with a hip roof and metalwork supports.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1855, and was from 1856 until 1867 the home of John Mercer Langston. The son of a slave woman and her white owner, Langston was raised in Ohio, attending Oberlin College and then reading law because no law school then accepted African Americans. In 1855, Langston won election to the position of town clerk in Brownhelm Township, the first known electoral victory of its kind by an African American in the United States. He later served as a recruiter of African Americans for military service in the American Civil War, and helped found the Howard University Law School, where he was its first dean.</p><br>
<p>The Benjamin Lundy House is a historic house at Union and Market Streets in Mount Pleasant, Ohio. It was home in 1820 to abolitionist Benjamin Lundy , where he established the influential anti-slavery newspaper The Genius of Universal Emancipation, one of the first anti-slavery publications in the United States. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in May 1974, and was included in the Mount Pleasant Historic District later the same year.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Benjamin Lundy House stands at the western end of Mount Pleasant&#39;s Union Street, its principal thoroughfare. It is on the south side of the street, at an angle, on a lot between Market Street and County Road 104. It is a -story brick building, with a gabled roof. Its main section is three bays wide, with the entrance in the right most bay, with a recessed two-bay extension on the right side. A single-story wood-frame ell with clapboarded exterior extends to the left.</p><br>
<p>The house (either one of its duplex units, or both) was built in 1812 or 1813, and was for one year the home of Benjamin Lundy, one of the early organizing forces in the movement for the abolition of slavery in the United States. During his year of residency here, Lundy began publishing The Genius of Universal Emancipation, the first dedicated anti-slavery publication of its type.</p><br>
<p>In late 2009 the three-story house stood in extreme disrepair. It was acquired in 2015 by the Ohio History Connection, a preservation organization that has stabilized its condition and plans to restore it.</p><br>
<p>Fair Park Middle School is a former high school located at 3222 Greenwood Road in Shreveport, Louisiana, United States. The school was originally named Fair Park High School when it opened in 1928, and it was the second high school in the city. C.E. Byrd High School had opened three years earlier in 1925. The institution was also previously named Fair Park College Preparatory High School or Fair Park College Prep Academy, and additionally had been named Fair Park Medical Careers Magnet High School.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The school was built during the local oil-driven boom of the late 1920s. The population of Shreveport increased nearly five-fold increase from 1900 to 1930; this created chronic school overcrowding. Fair Park has a three-story main section built of red brick trimmed with limestone. A wing was added in 1931. The entrance features a large pediment resting on colossal pilasters. The building was originally crowned by a three-stage tower, however, the third stage and most of the second were replaced with a small dome-like top in the 1980s. Otherwise, though the building has been further expanded, the bricks sandblasted, and the windows replaced, it would be easily recognizable to its earliest students.</p><br>
<p>From the middle 1950s until 1967, the historian Hubert D. Humphreys taught at Fair Park.</p><br>
<p>Fair Park High School was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>In January 2017, Fair Park suddenly changed its principal after six consecutive years of "failed" ratings and continuing disciplinary problems. Three other high schools under the operation of the Caddo Parish School Board are also rated "failed". Reports persisted that the school would close or be downgraded to a middle school. Booker T. Washington carries a "C" academic rating by the Louisiana Department of Education. Fair Park was rated "D" in its final year as a high school, improving from an "F."</p><br>
<p>Meanwhile, Earnestine Coleman of the Fair Park Parent, Teacher, Student Association, said that she and fifteen others plan a class action suit under the Civil Rights Act of 1964 against the school board in a bid to halt the merger. Nevertheless, the merger proceeded, and Fair Park became officially a middle school in August 2017. Pupils from Lakeshore Middle School were transferred to Fair Park. Ten schools were converted to K-5 status.</p><br>
<p>In an eight-to-four decision, the Caddo Parish School Board voted in 2017 to merge Fair Park, with seven hundred pupils, with the historically black Booker T. Washington High School. The combined thousand students will attend the Washington campus, with Fair Park becoming a middle school. In standing room only, citizens aired their views to board members on the feasibility of the merger. The board majority claims the merger would save public funds through the combining of resources.</p><br>
<h2>Athletics</h2><br>
<h3>Championships</h3><br>
<p>LHSAA Football championships</p><br>
<p>(1) State Championship: 1952</p><br>
<h3>Coaches</h3><br>
<p>Homer Prendergast, twenty-three years as head football coach and had a 154&ndash;78&ndash;13 (.655) record.</p><br>
<p>A. L. Williams, head football coach</p><br>
<h2>Notable alumni</h2><br>
<p>Tim Brando (Class of 1974) CBS Sports announcer</p><br>
<p>Roy L. Brun (Class of 1971), state district court judge and former member of the Louisiana House of Representatives</p><br>
<p>C.L. Bryant (Class of 1974), African-American Baptist minister and radio talk show host on KEEL; a Shreveport native</p><br>
<p>Cecil K. Carter, Jr. (1929-1987), member of the Louisiana State Senate from 1972 to 1976</p><br>
<p>Morris Claiborne (Class of 2009) Dallas Cowboys cornerback</p><br>
<p>Hollis Conway (Class of 1985) Olympian High Jumper Olympics 1988 Silver, 1992 Bronze</p><br>
<p>Wendell Davis (Class of 1984), Louisiana State University athletics 1984-1987; consensus and SEC All American 1987, Chicago Bears 1988-1993 and Indianapolis Colts 1995 football wide receiver</p><br>
<p>Rick Edmonds (Class of 1974), member of the Louisiana House of Representatives for East Baton Rouge Parish</p><br>
<p>Lee Hedges, American football coach</p><br>
<p>Robert Rochell (Class of 2016) Los Angeles Rams cornerback</p><br>
<p>Leo Sanford (Class of 1947), Chicago Cardinals linebacker</p><br>
<p>Pat Tilley (Class of 1971), St. Louis Cardinals football player, 1975-1986; leader of the Fellowship of Christian Athletes</p><br>
<p>Tome H. Walters Jr. (Class of 1965), Lieutenant General, United States Air Force, 1970-2004</p><br>
<p>A. L. Williams (Class of 1953), Fair Park and Woodlawn high school football coach; Northwestern State University and Louisiana Tech football coach</p><br>
<p>Faron Young (Class of 1951, 1932-1996), American country music singer and songwriter from the early 1950s through the mid-1970s.</p><br>
<p>Chi Chi DeVayne, notable contestant from American TV Show RuPaul&#39;s Drag Race (Season 8, 2016)</p><br>
<p>The William H. McGuffey Boyhood Home Site is a National Historic Landmark in Mahoning County, Ohio. It is the location where William H. McGuffey , lived for much of his youth. McGuffey is best known as the creator of the McGuffey Readers, a hugely popular set of educational primers. The site, now a regional park known as the McGuffey Wildlife Preserve, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1966.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The William H. McGuffey Boyhood Home Site is located in a rural setting of northwestern Coitsville Township east of Youngstown, on the south side of McGuffey Road east of Ohio State Route 616. It is a basically rectangular parcel about 73 acre in size. The parcel is basically flat, with a low ridge running north-south in its eastern part. The original log cabin built by Alexander McGuffey was probably located on that ridge, but there is scholarly disagreement over its precise location.</p><br>
<p>The original 165.5 acre property was first occupied by the McGuffey family as early as 1802, but the family did not purchase it until 1814. William McGuffey was born in Pennsylvania in 1800, and spent his youth on this property. McGuffey was a prominent proponent of public school education, and taught at Miami University for many years. While there, he published his series of McGuffey Readers, a series of grade school educational texts that were so widely used that they rivalled The Bible in sales.</p><br>
<p>The 73-acre property of the McGuffey homestead that has survived subdivision was acquired by a nonprofit organization around the time it was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1966,</p><br>
<p>The John P. Parker House is a historic house museum at 300 North Front Street in Ripley, Ohio. It was home to former slave and inventor John P. Parker  from 1853 to his death in 1900. Parker was an abolitionist and a well-documented conductor on the Underground Railroad, helping hundreds of escaped slaves. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, and it was further designated a National Historic Landmark in 1997. It is now owned and managed by a local nonprofit organization as a museum about Parker&#39;s life and the abolitionist movement.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The John P. Parker House is located on the Ohio River waterfront, north of the center of Ripley. It is in a relatively isolated setting, apart from other residences in Ripley, on what was once a partly industrial property. The building is a two-story brick structure, with a side gable roof that has stepped gables. A lower two-story wood-frame ell extends to the rear. The front facade is three bays wide, with the entrance in the rightmost bay, topped by a transom window. Windows are plain sash, set in rectangular openings with stone lintels.</p><br>
<p>The house is all that is left of a larger manufacturing complex built about 1853 for the business of John Parker, which originally included a machine shop, blacksmithy, and foundry. Most of these facilities were damaged or destroyed by a fire in 1889, and were not rebuilt by Parker. Ripley was a hotbed of abolitionist sentiment in the antebellum period, and it was thus a well-known target for slaves escaping across the river from Kentucky, a slave state. Although Parker&#39;s property was close to the river, he apparently rarely sheltered slaves in his home, its remote location equally attractive to fugitive slaves and slave catchers. Parker was born into slavery, but was given an education by his physician owner, and was able to purchase his freedom. He regularly crossed into Kentucky in search of escaping slaves, and brought them into the network of Underground Railroad supporters in Ripley.</p><br>
<p>The property was sold by Parker&#39;s wife not long after his death, and was used in support of a coal shipping operation for many years. In the 1990s it was purchased by a local nonprofit and rehabilitated for use as a museum.</p><br>
<p>The John Rankin House is a historic house museum at 6152 Rankin Hill Road in Ripley, Ohio. Built in 1828, it was home to Presbyterian abolitionist John Rankin, and was one of the original stops on the Underground Railroad. Harriet Beecher Stowes visit to Rankin provided some of the story that became Uncle Toms Cabin. The house was acquired by the State of Ohio in 1938 and is now operated by the Ohio History Connection and opened for tours. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The John Rankin House occupies a prominent position on a hill overlooking the town of Ripley and the Ohio River. It is set on about 20 acre, accessed via a drive and visitors center off Rankin Hill Road (County Road 556). The house is a modest -story brick structure, with a side-facing gabled roof. The main facade is three bays wide, with a center entrance flanked by sash windows in rectangular openings. The entry is sheltered by a portico with a shallow-pitch gable roof and square posts. The interior follows a typical center hall plan, with four rooms on the ground floor and two small bedrooms in the attic level. The interior retains original features and finishes, including wide floor boards and carved fireplace surrounds.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1828 by the abolitionist Presbyterian minister John Rankin, and it is where he raised a large family. It also became a significant stopping point for fugitive slaves who had crossed the river from Kentucky, a slave state, often under guidance from a "conductor" on the Underground Railroad. Rankin is estimated to have assisted in securing the freedom of more than 2,000 slaves, often at great personal risk. The house was often under surveillance by slave catchers, and some slave owners had placed a price on his head. The Rankins sold the house after the American Civil War, and it was purchased by the state in 1938 for use as a historic site.</p><br>
<p>The Edward V. Rickenbacker House is a historic house in the Driving Park neighborhood of Columbus, Ohio. Built in 1895, it was the childhood home of Eddie Rickenbacker , who at various times in his life was a flying ace, Medal of Honor recipient, race car driver and a pioneer in air transportation. The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Edward V. Rickenbacker House is located on the north side of East Livingston Avenue (United States Route 33), between Miller Avenue and Lockbourne Road. The house is a 1½ story frame structure with a shingle roof. The house has a gable roof with a shed dormer. Windows are one-over-one sashes. Access to the cellar is through an exterior metal bulkhead door on a concrete base; the concrete bears the initials "E.V.R." The house interior comprises three rooms on the first floor and two in the attic. A one-story shed on the property dates to the Rickenbacker occupancy.</p><br>
<p>The first portion of the house was built between 1893 and 1895 by Rickenbackers father, William, with two rooms on the main floor and two attic rooms. About 1900 William and Eddie Rickenbacker built an ell to the north, over a cellar. Eddie grew up in this house, and it was his nominal residence during World War I until he rented an apartment in 1922 with his wife. Eddie paid off the mortgage on the house after his fathers death, and it remained in the family until about 1960, the residence of Eddie&#39;s sister Mary.</p><br>
<p>The house was purchased by the city in 1998, when it was poor condition, with the intent of making it the centerpiece of a museum that would revitalize the area. The effort had faltered by 2009, after some rehabilitation had been made to the house. The effort has since been taken over by a nonprofit organization, the Rickenbacker Woods Foundation. The foundation aims to open a museum focusing on the life of Eddie Rickenbacker and the history of the surrounding Driving Park neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>The Mount Pleasant Historic District encompasses the historic center of the village of Mount Pleasant, Ohio. Founded in 1803 by anti-slavery Quakers, the village was an early center of abolitionist activity and a well-known haven for fugitive slaves on the Underground Railroad. The village center is relatively little altered since the antebellum period. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Districts in 1974, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Mount Pleasant was established in 1803 by Robert Carothers, an Irishman from Virginia, and Jesse Thomas, a Quaker from North Carolina. The town was founded in part out of anti-slavery sentiment by North Carolina Quakers who specifically sought a place where their slaves could be freed. The town was platted in 1803, and its original street and lot plan are intact from this period, organized around the intersection of Union and Concord Streets. Additional areas west of the original plat were added in 1815 and 1817, the town has experienced growth as a supply center for the War of 1812. Although the town boasted a mix of residential and commercial properties on its main roads in the 1820s, it is now almost entirely residential. Prominent non-residential buildings include the Friends Meetinghouse built by the Quakers in 1814 to house the first yearly meeting established west of the Allegheny Mountains.</p><br>
<p>The village is important for the role it played in the antislavery movement and the Underground Railroad. From an early date, the strong Quaker population in Mount Pleasant preached and practiced its abolitionist views and published antislavery literature, such as Benjamin Lundys "Genius of Universal Emancipation." A station on the Underground Railroad, the town was a refuge for fugitive slaves and a welcome home for free blacks. Residents built and administered a school for free black children, and in 1848 established a Free Produce Store which sold no products produced by slave labor. The town was also integrated to some degree, with African-American living among whites, generally as servants. African Americans also owned property, but this was generally in the outlying areas of the community. The villages economic fortunes stagnated after the American Civil War came to an end because it was bypassed by the railroads.</p><br>
<p>The Big Four Building is a historic 19th-century building in Downtown Sacramento, California. It is now located within Old Sacramento State Historic Park and the Old Sacramento National Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Big Four House was originally three separate buildings constructed over 1851 to 1852, adjacent to the Sacramento River waterfront. The original three structures included the Stanford Building, the Huntington & Hopkins Building, and the Miller Building.</p><br>
<h3>The Big Four</h3><br>
<p>The lower floors were occupied by merchants, three of whom later became The Big Four (with Charles Crocker), hence the buildings&#39; name. The Big Four were associated with the founding of the First transcontinental railroad linking California with the Eastern USA — and were Collis Huntington, Mark Hopkins, Jr., Leland Stanford, and Charles Crocker. On the second floor these buildings they organized and ran the Central Pacific Railroad Company of California, to plan, build, and operate the western section of the first Transcontinental Railroad. They also founded the Southern Pacific Railroad here. Huntington, Hopkins & Co., which imported and sold hardware, iron, steel, and coal, occupied 54 "K" Street. The second floor of these structures served as the first offices of the Central Pacific Railroad from 1862 to 1873.</p><br>
<p>By 1878 ownership was consolidated, and the structures were enlarged into one building. Over time it has also housed shops, including the Huntington & Hopkins Hardware Store, a bar and cafe, and a hotel on the second floor.</p><br>
<h2>Landmark</h2><br>
<p>The Big Four House was declared a National Historic Landmark on July 4, 1961. It is included within the Old Sacramento Historic District, which also is a National Historic Landmark and on the National Register of Historic Places since its establishment on October 15, 1966.</p><br>
<p>It was also formerly a California Historical Landmark of its own, but now is a Historic district contributing property included in the registration of the Old Sacramento National Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Detroit Club is a private social club located in Downtown Detroit, Michigan. The building was constructed in 1891 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The origin of the Detroit Club dates to 1882, when Detroit attorney Samuel Townsend Douglas and banker/broker James Valentine Campbell, Jr. decided to found a club where local businessmen could meet and mingle. With an original membership of 10, they rented a house on Lafayette between Wayne and Cass, and hired a chef. They soon convinced 100 more of Detroit&#39;s citizens to join. Early members included Russell A. Alger, ex-governor of Michigan, Hugh McMillan, founder of the Michigan Telephone Company, and real estate magnate James B. Book.</p><br>
<p>Within a year, the club had outgrown its first home and moved to larger quarters on Fort Street. Less than a decade later, the club hired architect Wilson Eyre to design a new building to serve as their meeting place.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Detroit Club is a four-story brick and stone Romanesque Revival building. The club features a grill and library on the first floor, a family room on the second floor, and a main dining room with smaller meeting rooms on the third floor. The interior features fine woodwork, a wide main stair, and an enormous fireplace in the main dining hall. The original woodwork was lighter than the current version.</p><br>
<h2>Events</h2><br>
<p>A number of pivotal events in the twentieth century took place within the walls of the Detroit Club. In 1902, the Automobile Club of Detroit was organized at a meeting in the club. In 1922, Michigan governor Alex Groesbeck held strategy sessions to decide whom to tap to fill the open Senate seat which resulted from Truman Newberrys resignation. Groesbeck chose James Couzens. In 1930, Governor Fred W. Green met with Detroit bank presidents to work out details for closing the citys banks. In 1944–45, after an extensive series of meetings at the club, Henry Ford II wrested control of Ford Motor Company from Harry Bennett. Later, Lee Iacocca used the club to launch his campaign to restore the Statue of Liberty and develop Ellis Island into a museum.</p><br>
<p>Dignitaries entertained at the Club include Harry Truman, Herbert Hoover, Franklin Roosevelt, Prince William of Sweden, Empress Zita of Austria, the Duke of Windsor, Margaret Truman, Charles Lindbergh, Gene Tunney, Admiral Richard Byrd, John D. Rockefeller and Edward G. Robinson.</p><br>
